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Medicinal Plant Diseases and Insect Pests and Their Control
At present, there are many kinds of pesticides used in China, especially some new high-efficiency, low-toxic, low-toxicity pesticides continue to emerge, which has played a significant role in the development of China's agriculture and medicinal plant cultivation and environmental protection. Knowledge of pesticides, rational use of pesticides, and effective prevention and control of pests and diseases of medicinal plants are of great significance for obtaining high-quality, high-yield Chinese herbal medicines. (I) Pesticides and their properties: 1. According to Raw Material source classification (1) Organic pesticides: These pesticides are composed of carbon compounds, mainly made of organic synthetic raw materials such as benzene, alcohols, fatty acids, organic amines, etc., so they are also called synthetic pesticides such as trichlorfon, Carbendazim and so on. Organic pesticides can be produced industrially, with many varieties, high efficacy, wide use, low phytotoxicity, various processing agent types and modes of action, and currently account for more than 90% of the total pesticides, which occupies an important position in the development of pesticides. (2) Inorganic pesticides: mainly made of natural mineral raw materials, also known as mineral pesticides. These pesticides are characterized by a stable chemical nature, are not easily decomposed, and are insoluble in organic solvents. However, they have fewer varieties, they are relatively simple in function, and they are prone to phytotoxicity. Therefore, their use is limited. (3) Botanical Pesticides: This is a pesticide made from plants as a raw material and solvent-extracted. The active ingredient is a natural organic substance. Its performance is similar to that of organic pesticides, such as pyrethrum and tobacco. Plant pesticides have the advantages of safety to humans and animals, no harm to plants, and availability of materials on the spot. (4) Microbial pesticides; These are pesticides made from microorganisms and their metabolites. The active substances contained are bacterial spores, fungal spores, viruses or antibiotics. Such as insects, Beauveria bassiana, Bacillus thuringiensis and so on. These pesticides have high efficacy and selectivity, they do not harm natural enemies when they are used, they are non-toxic to humans and livestock, they are safe to plants, and they are not easy to produce drug resistance for long-term use. However, they are not widely used and their functions are slow. Seasonal and environmental factors and other conditions. 2. Classification according to use and mode of action (l) Insecticides and acaricides: According to the way the pesticide enters the body of insects, it can be divided into contact poisons, stomach poisons, fumigants and internal absorbents. 1 contact killing agent: the agent penetrates into the body from the insect body wall and produces a toxic effect called contact killing effect. The contact-killing agents are called contact killers such as chalcone, phoxim, and rattan. 2 stomach poison: The poisonous effect of the medicine from the digestive system of the pest into the body is called stomach poisoning. Gastrointestinal drugs, called stomach poisons, such as trichlorfon, insecticidal double and so on. (3) Fumigant: The agent is in an aerosol state and is a poison that causes the harmful insects to enter the body through the respiratory system. Such as aluminum phosphide, zinc phosphide and so on. Both can release phosphine gas to kill pests. 4 Inhalants: The pesticides are applied to the stems and leaves or roots of plants, which are absorbed by the plants and transported throughout the plant body. The pests feed the plants and thus produce toxic pesticides. Such as monocrotophos, dimethoate and so on. (2) ovicidal agents: Pharmacies that can prevent the development of embryos in eggs so that larvae or cockroaches cannot hatch, such as bufalin and amitraz. (3) Bactericides: According to the role of anti-bacterial agents, they can be divided into the following three main types. 1 Protective agent; The agent is sprayed on the surface of the plant before the plant is infected to kill or stop the germs or pathogens from impregnating the plant. The currently used bactericides are mostly protective agents, such as Bordeaux mixture, zearalenium, chlorothalonil, and sulfuric acid preparations. The use of such agents tends to be less effective after the onset of the disease. 2 Therapeutic agents: Medications that have a therapeutic effect on diseases, such as Trichoderma and Formamide. Pharmaceutical treatment of diseases is much more difficult than chemical protection. This is because after the invasion of the bacteria, it has a close relationship with the plants and enhances the resistance of the bacteria to the drugs. Generally killing the dose of immersed bacteria will often cause phytotoxicity to the plant. Therefore, the use of therapeutic agents is currently far less widespread than protective agents. As the saying goes, “prevention is the main thing.†Only when it is imperative, do they use therapeutic drugs. 3 Inhalants: Medicaments that are absorbed by the leaves, stems, and roots of the plant, enter the plant, and transmit, retain, or produce metabolites in the body to protect the plant from pathogens or to treat plant diseases. Such as the enemy rust sodium, carbendazim, enemy grams pine and so on. Since the adventitious agent was introduced, it has played a prominent role in the prevention and control of plant diseases, but there are also problems that pathogens are susceptible to such agents. Therefore, in recent years, people have attached great importance to the preparation of a protective agent and a systemic admixture or mixed use. In addition to the above types of agents, there are acaricides, nematicides, rodenticides, herbicides, plant growth regulators, and the like. (II) Use of pesticides and precautions There are many processing formulations and usage forms of pesticides, and there are also many ways to use them. Reasonable use of pesticides, correct use of principles and application of technology, in order to obtain a good control effect. 1. How to Use Pesticides (1) Spraying Method 1 Spraying Method: The liquid medicine is sprayed with a sprayer to control pests and diseases. This method can be divided into two types: manpower and maneuvering. 2 powder spray method: the application of agents for powder, microgranules, powder granules. The method of spreading pharmaceuticals out of dusters or other devices is called powder spraying. At present, there are many different types of human sprinklers produced in China. Generally, the amount of spray per acre is 1.5-2.5 kg. The dusting method does not require water. It is more convenient to use in places where water is difficult or in mountain areas. However, this method is not as effective as the spraying method. The dusting method is greatly affected by the air flow and should be carried out when there is no wind. (2) Fumigation method: The method of using pesticide toxic gases (ie, fumigants) to eliminate pests and diseases. It is mainly used to prevent and treat diseases and insect pests in warehouses, indoor plants, seedlings and soils of Chinese herbal medicines. (3) Bait method: The use of baits to control active omnivorous pests (such as aphids, cockroaches, ground tigers, etc.). Such as trichlorfon baits and zinc phosphate baits. If poisoning baits are applied to the ground at the time of sowing, it is called poison valley method. (4) Seed (miao) treatment: It is mainly divided into seed dressing and soaking. (5) Soil treatment method: The method of applying pesticide liquids, powders or granules to the soil to control pests or weeds. For example, if urea is used as a base fertilizer in the soil, the spore germination can be inhibited before the sowing of earthworms. 2. Things to Be Noted When Using Pesticides (1) To understand the medicinal properties, there are many types of pesticides that are reasonably used, and each has its own characteristics and range of adaptation. In use, attention should be paid to the specifications, properties, concentration, dosage, control object, choice of diluents, and whether or not they need to be mixed and what methods should be used; in addition, consideration should be given to the reproductive status and climatic conditions of medicinal plants. , application time, whether the occurrence of phytotoxicity and other issues. (2) Seize the opportunity, timely application of pests in its various stages of growth and development, the sensitivity and resistance to the drugs are very different. Generally, the young stage of pests is weaker than the older stage, and the older larvae are weaker than the eggs, quails and other dormant stages. The control of larvae is generally more frequent than when the body is small. Therefore, grasping the law of occurrence of pests and diseases, seizing the period, and applying pesticides in a timely manner are of special significance. (3) Grasp the drug application technology, fully ensure the efficacy of pesticides, ascertain the pests and diseases of different medicinal plants and apply pesticides under different environmental conditions, and correctly master the dispensing and application techniques, which is very important for ensuring drug efficacy. of. The concentration of pesticides must be carefully measured. Do not use sewage, hard water, etc. to ensure the quality of the liquid. Pay attention to the external conditions for selecting the best drug effect when spraying. (4) Paying attention to safety and avoiding the use of pesticides due to drug injury or human and animal poisoning is an important issue in disease prevention and control. Pesticides generally have different degrees of toxicity, such as improper use of drugs, excessive use, high concentrations, unequal application of pesticides, carelessness of medicinal plants and resistance to drugs, etc.: they often cause human phytotoxicity and affect medicinal plants. Yield and quality. In the prevention and control of pests and diseases of medicinal plants, pesticides that have residual or cumulative residual toxicity to the plants cannot be used. Otherwise, Chinese herbal medicines will not only fail to cure diseases, but will cause human body poisoning accidents. This must be taken care of and strictly prevented. Therefore, in the process of controlling pests and diseases of medicinal plants, we should be cautious about the selection of pesticides and choose pesticides that are non-toxic or low-toxic to humans and livestock to ensure safety.