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Perennial cultivation techniques of chayote in winter warm greenhouse
Chayote, also known as palm melon, fist melon, is a Cucurbitaceae. The melon is nutritious, crisp and delicious, rich in vitamins and trace elements necessary for the human body. It is a good health vegetable and has a high therapeutic value. Chayote originated in tropical areas, warm, heat-resistant, not cold. In the case of open cultivation in northern China, its roots and stems must not be overwintering, but only cultivated for one year, and the relatively short frost-free period poses a greater threat to the normal maturation of the melons, and the yield is also greatly affected. Chayote will die when the soil temperature is below 5°C. Therefore, chayote can safely winter in the winter warm greenhouse. Not only can the melons be fully harvested and harvested in the same year, but they can also receive a quarter of chayote in the spring of next year. The yield and benefits are very considerable. I. Seedlings in the winter warming greenhouse Chayote perennial cultivation and nursery time is generally arranged in November, too late is the lack of growth period, affecting the current year's output. Select the head of hypertrophy, maturity is better, buds slightly protruding, no scratch damage of melons wrapped with plastic film, placed at a temperature of 15 ~ 20 °C place germination. When germination, keep the relative humidity of the air at about 90%. If the humidity is insufficient, the buds will dry out. At the same time every 3 to 4 days to open the film ventilation, otherwise it will be due to lack of oxygen within the film, resulting in the bud died of yellow suffocation. Usually after 20 to 25 days, when the top of the melons is cracked and germs and roots grow one after another, the well-growing seeds are selected. At the same time prepare 3030cm nutrients, and into the appropriate amount of nutrient soil, nutrient soil for many years have not been planted melon crops fertile garden soil and full maturity of high-quality manure as raw materials, according to the ratio of soil to fertilizer ratio of 2:1. Put the germinating end of the melons into the cup. The melon body is filled with nutrient soil, lightly compacted, and then covered with soil over the top of the melon. The nutrient solution is discharged into the greenhouse in winter, and about 20 days can be produced. After the Qimiao, maintain the soil see dry see wet, avoid pouring water, or water will be too much into the germination of the melon gap, resulting in melon rot. Second, planting and colonization time is generally scheduled in mid-and late March. Warm winter greenhouses before planting can be used for wintering or early spring vegetable cultivation. The planting site is about 1m from the shed in the shed, and it is planted one line from east to west, and the plant spacing is 5 to 7m. The length, breadth and height of each colonization hole are 1m, fill in the hole according to the ratio of soil and decomposed chicken manure 2:1, cover with soil 20cm and step on it, then open the hole according to the size of the seedling, and remove the seedling from the nutrition bowl. Take out, bring the soil into the hole, cover the soil and water slowly. Third, after the planting management 1, pre-management from the planting to the middle and late June, the other vegetables in the shed. This period is due to the symbiosis with other vegetables, and the melon seedlings grow slowly. The amount of fertilizer needed is also relatively small. In the management of other vegetables, it is not necessary to add additional water to topdressing. Management is mainly based on pruning, generally leaving 2 to 3 main vines on the shelves, and promptly knock out other side branches. 2. Mid-term management starts from mid-to-late June to early September. This period is the period of vigorous growth of Chayote nutrients in winter and warm greenhouses. It requires fertilizer and water demand increase. The following points should be managed: First, scientific watering and fertilizing. In general from late June to early July, 667 m2 of quality organic fertilizer 2000 kg, 50 mg of superphosphate, 20 kg of diammonium phosphate and 10 kg of potassium sulfate are applied. The above fertilizer should be sprinkled away from the seedlings 1.5m away to prevent fertilizers from damaging roots. Sprinkle and pour into the ground and water it in proper amount. After the water is poured, cover the wheat straw about 10cm to keep the soil moisture and reduce the number of watering. Afterwards, the soil is kept dry and wet depending on the weather conditions. At this stage, the foliar fertilizer is promoted 2 to 3 times, and fertilizers such as Penshibao, Hibiscus liquid, and State Dragon Fish Protein Organic Fertilizer may be used. The second is to build and spread the vine in time. After the other vegetables in the shed were pulled, use a wire or bamboo pole to set up a melon rack with a height of 0.5m below the shed. The chayote main must be arranged at any time after being put on the shelves to make it evenly distributed, and attention should be paid to removing the young shoots of the thin vines and the main vine to facilitate ventilation and light transmission, so that the guava vines can grow normally. 3, the latter management from the early flowering period in September to the middle and late harvest in November, the management should pay attention to the following points: First, the appropriate control of water before and after the early flowering, avoid pouring water, to prevent falling caused by flowers. The second is that early flowering female flowers generally open 4 to 6 days earlier than male flowers, resulting in a rare flowering period. Female flowers in the early stage cannot be hardened by seeds. The 20010E-6 gibberellin solution can be used for flowering or spraying in the morning of the female flower opening day. When spraying, wear a pair of gloves on the left hand, use the index finger and middle finger to grip the flower stalks, and hold the small sprayer on the right to spray on the stigma. This will not only prevent the flowers from falling, but also prevent the liquid from spraying too much on the leaves, causing the leaves to grow. Flowers treated in this way not only increase fruit set rate, but also promote fruit growth. However, it must be noted that the treated melon cannot be left as a melon. The third is to seal the shed film before "frost" to prevent frost. The temperature is maintained at 20 to 26°C during the day and 13 to 18°C ​​at night. The fourth is timely harvesting, generally female flowers can be harvested 15 to 20 days after fruiting. 4. Overwintering and Spring Management After the whole chayote harvest in mid- and late November, it entered the overwintering management. Should do a good job of the following points: First, cut vines. After the harvest was completed, the land was leveled and then removed. The second is to turn the ground 30 cm away from the main root to ensure normal growth of chayote. After the fertilization can continue to plant other overwintering vegetables. The third is to pay attention to maintaining the temperature of the greenhouse and promote new growth. Generally in the second year of March, it can be re-flowered. After artificial pollination, it can start harvesting again in April. In this period, chayote has less tillering, less squash and less shade, and has little effect on other vegetable crops in the shed, but the price is high and the benefit is considerable.