Garlic is a herb of Liliaceae and Allium, native to Central Asia and has a long history of cultivation. Garlic is rich in nutrients and is a favorite traditional product. After deep processing into a series of products, it can be exported to foreign exchange. In recent years, with the development of garlic trade at home and abroad, garlic planting area has been expanding year by year, but with the increase of planting time, garlic leaf blight is also increasing year by year, generally 20% to 30% of sick fields, and 50% of severe disease fields. Seriously restricting the further development of garlic production. In order to effectively control its damage, the occurrence and control techniques of garlic leaf blight are introduced as follows.
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1 Symptoms of garlic leaf blight mainly damage the leaves, leaf sheaths and stolons and other parts. After the leaves were infected, they showed 4 kinds of pathogenesis types, including sharp-stem type, streak-type, purple-spot type and white-spot type. When the disease is severe, lesions on the leaves can extend through the leaf nodes to the leaf sheaths, leaving the leaf sheaths to yellow. When the field is wet, the lesion surface produces a brown to black moldy layer.
a. The tip of the lower dry blade shows a white round spot. After gradually expanding, the tip of the blade becomes dark brown and necrotic, with purple brown twill on both sides.
b. Stripe type mainly occurs in the middle and lower leaves. The leaves become infected, producing brown streaks across the entire leaf, developing along the middle ribs or on the side of the leaves.
c. The purpura type is visible throughout the growing period and is the main type of lesion in the field. Leaf blade victims, oval lesions or irregular shape, the central darker shades of purple brown, brownish edges, both ends of the dead yellow necrosis lines, spread and spread after the leaves yellow.
d. White-point type convulsive upper leaves appear dense round, oval white lesions, the edge is obvious. Some white spots later develop into purple spots.
2 Pathogens and transmission routes The pathogen of garlic leaf blight is Stemphylium botryopsun Wallroth, which is called Aspergillus spp. The germs can infect the onions such as onions and leeks in summer over the summer and summer on the sick and remnants of field surfaces and soils as well as the abandoned bodies of temporary dumping sites after garlic harvest. After the emergence of garlic, conidia are produced when the temperature and humidity are suitable, and the disease is spread by airflow and raindrop splash. The optimum temperature for the growth of the bacterium was 20-28°C; the suitable temperature for conidial formation was 23-28°C, and the suitable temperature for germination was 19-34°C.
3 Disease conditions The incidence of garlic leaf blight is positively correlated with the temperature and humidity in the field. Generally, the higher the temperature, the higher the humidity and the heavier the incidence. The average temperature in the ten days is about 20°C, which is conducive to disease occurrence and epidemic in high humidity. The management of the garlic field is extensive, the quality of the site preparation is poor, and the field is very large, uneven, and heavy. Mixed with onions, leeks, heavy pods and disease incidence. The improper management of fertilizer and water, excessive nitrogen fertilizer application, insufficient base fertilizer, and heavy onset. Planting density, poor ventilation in the field, heavy onset. Mulberry for plastic cover cultivation, the incidence of light. The occurrence of garlic leaf blight is closely related to the disease resistance of its varieties. At present, there are few varieties of garlic resistant to leaf blight, and in general, red garlic (modified garlic) and Cangshan garlic are more resistant to disease.
4 Control Technology
4.1 Prevention of Agricultural Measures
a. Clean the pastoral garlic After the harvest, remove stubble leaves of the field, and forbid the leaves of fallen plants to be abandoned in the fields and ditches, and they should be burned or properly disposed to reduce the accumulation of bacteria.
b. Rotation and rotation of crop rotations can destroy the living environment of pathogens and reduce the accumulation of bacteria. Avoid the selection of onions, leeks, and onions for cultivating, and it is appropriate to rotate crops such as wheat, corn, melons, and beans.
c. The use of mulching technology to cover the flat land, deep soil layer, soft plowing layer, high soil fertility, fertilizer retention, strong water retention performance of the plot. Garlic generally covered with garlic than the open sowing 5 ~ 7d, spacing 20 ~ 25cm. Plant spacing is about lOcm, planting density is 37.5-45000 plants per hectare, and 2~3cm earth covering after planting, and the covered film is pressed tightly. The use of mulching cultivation can improve early ground temperature, rapid rooting, well-developed root system, strong growth of stems and leaves, and enhanced plant resistance to disease.
d. Fertilizer and water management Apply sufficient basal fertilizer (composed farmyard manure, grass ash and superphosphate) to control the seedling stage, and appropriate seedlings to cultivate strong seedlings. After rotten mothers to promote the main, after lobulation split valve to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water, timely drainage after the rain, to avoid flood irrigation, try to reduce the humidity in the field. Early sowing should prevent freezing damage.
The disease-free species of garlic was selected and used for garlic drying after harvesting. After drying, the selected varieties were robust, insect-free, disease-free and non-degraded. Promote the selection of strains before the harvest, select the first time, and select the petals before planting. The selected garlic clove should be planted as a single seed, which will be used as a seeding field for seed selection in the second year. The planting fields should be used to prevent and treat diseases and pests in a timely manner and completely remove sick, ill, and miscellaneous plants. In addition, there must be a plan to introduce good varieties of virus-free garlic, and gradually replace the degraded varieties.