Clinical manifestations of hallux valgus

Hallux valgus, that is, the thumb toe to the outside. About half of the patients have a genetic history. The incidence in the family is high, but many patients are caused by wearing high heels or wearing too thin or thin shoes when they are young.

Hallux valgus deformity will lead to a series of pathological changes in the foot. Hallux valgus leads to inversion of the first metatarsal and widened front of the paw. The negative focus of the foot changes, and the foot feels tired. Due to the first metatarsal inversion, the first metatarsal head is often stimulated by friction, squeezing, etc., forming a callus and forming a pseudo-sac on the surface. The skin thickens and forms a corpus callosum. Due to constant friction, bursitis occurs and the skin may develop ulcers and infections. At this time, the pain is heavier and affects walking. Hallux valgus deformity continues to increase, there will be first metatarsophalangeal joint subluxation and osteoarthritis. At this time, articular cartilage destruction, bone hyperplasia, joint space narrowing, resulting in limited joint function. This is the main feature of middle and old age hallux valgus.

The big toe shifts outwards, squeezing the second toe, raising the second toe, above the big toe, forming a malleolar toe. The skin above the second toe thickens due to the friction of wearing shoes, or forms an ulcer. The inside of the base of the big toe protrudes, and the skin becomes thick and tender. Local swelling, redness, and tenderness occur when bursitis occurs. Due to changes in the weight of the foot, the palms are under pressure, and the skin is thickened and painful. Osteoarthritis occurs in the first metatarsophalangeal joint in the late stage, activity is limited, pain is aggravated, and walking is affected.

The X-ray showed that the hallux was deflected outwards and the distance between the first and second metatarsal increased. The inside of the first metatarsal head forms a bone callus. In the late stage, the first metatarsophalangeal joint narrows and the bone around the joint hyperplasia.

Most of the patients were formed during the youth period. The prevention of middle-aged and elderly patients was mainly to prevent aggravated deformity and delay the occurrence of osteoarthritis. Patients with hallux valgus, wearing shoes should be loose, insole should be thick, in order to reduce friction and irritation to the foot. Regular foot bath with warm water, massage the toes can improve blood circulation. Frequently active toe enhances the nutrition of the articular cartilage and the muscle strength of the foot muscles, which can prevent articular cartilage damage and delay the occurrence of osteoarthritis.

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