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Storage of sweet potato pits
There are many types of sweet potato storage pits, and there are four basic types. 1. High-temperature Dawangjiao and Hujiao The high-temperature large-jiao cellar is a pit type in Henan Province in the 1970s. Its storage capacity is large, there are heating equipment, can be high-temperature sterilization, have a good effect on the control of black spot and soft rot, easy access to the potato, easy management. Since the 1980s, due to the implementation of the production responsibility system, Luoyang City's Suiyang County and other places have researched and promoted huts suitable for rural courtyard storage. In the large and small huts, it is divided into the kiln pits and brick voucher permanent pits on the ground, half-ground and hilly areas. The cost of building large cellars is high, the humidity in the cellar is low, and the freshness of the potato blocks is low. 1 large cellar: can be divided into two types on the ground and semi-type. The above-ground wall is built from the ground and can be divided into two and three rooms depending on the amount of storage. The wall is 2.5 meters high, with three grass roofs and three muds on the roof. The front and the back walls are opposite to each other, and the east sill wall is built with an ear. It is used for entry into the cellar door and management room. Digging pits at the entrance to the management room to build coal fire pits, repair road straight through the pit. The fire pit inside the cellar is located in the middle, 33 centimeters high and wide, with a gradient of 2% to 3%. The flashback is at the base of the wall, with no slopes, and the chimney is set outside the wall. 2 Cabana Cellar: Generally, 1500-3000 kg can be stored in each cellar. You can choose the leeward sunny place in the yard or the house, or you can choose to be in the clipping path of the two houses. The length can be determined according to your needs. Generally 2 to 3 meters long, 2 to 2.3 meters wide, such as the construction of semi-underground can dig down to 0.7 to 1 meters. Rebasing wall, the underground wall is 0.2 meters thick. Such as the construction of the type on the ground can be raised from the ground wall, the wall thickness of 0.7 meters. Can be built into a double wall, fill in the middle or broken grass, wall height of 2 meters, the door to stay in the south or east, tile roof or grass top can be, the top thickness of 0.3 to 0.5 meters, three grass and three mud, the room along the tight Do not leave seams to facilitate insulation. Front and back wall windows. After the house is built, it is possible to build a dragon fire escape in the room. The fire entrance must be level with the ground. After reaching it, it will return to the front wall. The fire exit should be 0.7 to 1 meter above the ground, leading to the outside and repairing the chimneys, higher than the roof. The fire lanes are 0.3 meters high and wide, with heat dissipation on three sides and a slope of 3%. Before the sweet potato was put into the pit, the pit brick or sorghum stalk was laid on the brick laid in the pit, so that the potato block did not directly contact the ground, so that the temperature remained the same after the temperature was increased. Put one ventilated cage or sorghum straw in the middle of the potato heap one meter apart. The stack height is 1.3 to 1.7 meters, leaving 0.3 to 0.5 meters of space. There must be no wall directly around the potato stack. Outdoor fire pits are built at the entrance to the fire pit. The furnace hearth should be large and the gradient of the fire pit should be 30% in order to facilitate hot gas entering the fire. 3 The management of the hut: In the early period, the kiln should be maintained at 10~13 degrees Celsius. If the cellar temperature is high, the windows can be used to dissipate heat. When the cellar temperature stabilizes at 12 degrees Celsius, attention should be paid to insulation. One month after entering the cellar, the outside temperature dropped below 0 degrees Celsius, which means that the curtain was hung and the air outlet was blocked to make the cellar temperature not lower than 10 degrees Celsius. If the temperature of the cellar is lower than 9 degrees Celsius, the temperature should be warmed up and the straw should be kept warm. The weather is warmer after the beginning of spring and it is appropriate to open the window for ventilation in sunny days, but do not lower the cellar temperature below 9 degrees Celsius. During the entire storage period, check the cellar temperature once every 2 to 3 days. In particular, attention should be paid to the low temperature in the lower part of the northwestern corner of the cellar. Effective measures should be taken at any time. The storage loss rate of the huts is about 1% or less. In the hills and mountains of western Henan, small kiln pits can be played at Yatou, and the construction method is similar to that of the hut. 2. The pit of Jiaojing is a kind of pit type commonly used in the western and central regions of Henan Province. The depth of 2.5 to 3.5 meters, cellar capacity of 2000 to 5000 kg. Its forms are: two wells in one well, multiple wells in one well, dual chambers, pits in two wells, and improved pits. Well pits are suitable for areas with low groundwater level, which have the advantages of good insulation performance and fresh potato chips after storage. The disadvantage is that the heat dissipation is slow. Because it cannot be treated at high temperature and is prone to diseases, a series of disease prevention measures must be taken to control the suitable temperature in order to achieve The purpose of safe storage. 1 Ordinary pit: The depth of wellbore is 3 to 4 meters, and the pit depth is more than 4 meters. Although the insulation is good, the heat dissipation is slow and it is prone to high temperatures. The pit of 2 meters in depth is vulnerable to the influence of low temperature on the ground. It is difficult to insulate and often suffers freezing damage. The diameter of the upper hole of the wellbore is about 0.8 meters, and the diameter of the lower mouth is about 1 meter. Good thermal insulation. Digging two holes in the pit, the hole is 1.7 meters wide, 1.7 to 1.9 meters high, 2.6 to 3 meters long, the top of the cave is half moon-shaped, the width of the door is about 0.8 meters, and the height is about 2 meters. The two holes can store 3000 kilograms of potato species. about. In order to facilitate ventilation, one vent hole is provided on each side of the pit, and the vent hole is dug vertically along the wall of the wellbore, and then the wellbore wall is coated with tiles and mud. Ventilation hole mouth 15 to 20 cm square, lower mouth 23 cm to 27 cm square, out of the ground 30 to 60 cm, such as temperature drop can be blocked. 2Improvement of pits: First dig a wellbore of the same size as an ordinary pit, and use a 0.83m wide walkway in one direction from the bottom of the tunnel, and a storage hole in the walkway on the other side every 1.3 to 2.7m. Eyes and holes above the storage hole can be digged to facilitate ventilation. 3. Shed cellar is commonly used in open pits where the groundwater level is high and it is not advisable to drill wells. The general storage capacity of the cellar is 1,500 to 2,500 kilograms and there are also up to 5,000 kilograms or more. Due to different structures, it can be divided into cross type and non-type type, and the depth is 1.7 to 2.3 meters. The advantage of the cellar is that it is suitable for the high groundwater level, easy to dissipate heat, and easy to access; the disadvantage is poor insulation, and is vulnerable to cold damage. Shallow sheds are suitable where the groundwater level is high and the soil is not very solid. The advantage is to build a cellar and save labor, easy access to the potato block; the disadvantage is poor insulation, vulnerable to cold damage. The cellar temperature in the shallow cellar is mainly maintained by the heat released by the respiration. Therefore, the storage volume should not be too low (not less than 2500 kg), and the cellar temperature should be too low. Gathering shelters and grass in the pit. The single cell shallow cellar is now used as an example to illustrate its structure. Choose to shelter from the sun and the high ground. Dig a square pit with a depth of 2 meters, a width of 1.7 to 2 meters, a length of 4 to 5 meters, and an arc of four corners. The pits were erected with timber and covered with high stubble straws. In the initial stage of the cellar, heat was removed, and the cellar top was covered with a thin layer of soil. After the beginning of the winter, the temperature dropped and the cover soil was thickened. Before and after the winter solstice, the thickness of the cover soil was about 1 meter. In the cellar, one person can keep a cellar mouth up and down, and the other end can have a stomata (measured cellar temperature) higher than the ground. Pits can be dug around the cellar to prevent rainwater from flowing into the cellar. In order to prevent cold air from entering the cellar, a cellar with a diameter of 0.7m and a pit as deep as a cellar can be dug from 0.7 to 1m away from the cellar. Inside the cellar door, a cellar can be stooped down and built in. , This hole can be checked in and out. The cellar left under the shed must be sealed. It is not easy to have high temperature in the early period of the pit cellar, but it is not easy for the potato stack to be too large. In order to make the temperature in the potato stack easy to dissipate, one sorghum straw can be placed every 0.7 to 1 m in the potato heap. Within one month after entering the cellar, due to the vigorous breathing of the tubers, the cellar temperature was high, and the cellar often had drops of water. The top of the cellar often suffered from soft rot due to excessive humidity. In order to reduce the humidity in the upper layer of the potato stack, hay can be placed on the potato stack, and the wet grass can be replaced and dried every few days. After entering the winter, there is often a low temperature. Pay attention to sealing the cellar door and thickening the pit top so that the temperature is always maintained at 11 to 13 degrees Celsius. Poor cellar insulation performance is poor, should pay attention to insulation, in particular, cellar top cover can not be too thin, and pay attention to check whether the wind tunnel. After the winter solstice, if the cellar temperature is less than 10 degrees Celsius, it is necessary to use coal fire to warm it up. After the rain and snow, it is necessary to remove the snow from the cellar top so as not to leach into the cellar. Well cellar and cellar should have proper storage, and the appropriate storage per cellar should be 3/4 of the volume of the cellar, leaving a certain gap for heat dissipation. Over storage, too large a quantity of potatoes, easy to accumulate a lot of heat and the cellar temperature increased sharply, causing rapid spread of the disease. 4, the large billet vault (arch large cellar) voucher cellar's advantages are strong, durable, large storage, the early stage is conducive to cooling and loose, late in favor of insulation and antifreeze, as long as the storage capacity is appropriate, without artificial heating Can guarantee safe storage. There are many forms of brick vouchers, which are characterized by thick walls and tops, holes that are airy, well ventilated, and easy to manage. According to the arrangement of storage holes, it can be divided into two types: non-font and semi-non-font: (1) Semi-non-font type voucher: It consists of storage holes, corridors, doors and windows, air eyes, pit roofs, and management rooms. The entire cellar is best used semi-underground type, from the ground to dig down the depth of 1 meter cellar, so easy to keep warm. If built on the ground, the entire side wall of the cellar should be thickened and constructed into a trapezoidal wall. 1 storage hole: North-South, east-west arrangement. The size and size of the hole can be determined based on the amount of storage. Generally, the hole width is 2.5 to 3 meters, the height is 2.5 to 2.9 meters, and the length is 8 to 10 meters. Each hole can store about 25000 kilograms. The stone wall is surrounded by walls, and the thickness is 0.8 meters except the south wall. The rest are all 0.5 meters. The top of the cave is issued with bricks. The corridor is located on the south side, 1.5 meters from the south wall and 2.5 to 2.9 meters high. 2 Doors and Windows: Leave a door at the eastern end of the walkway and communicate with the management room as an inner door. Set a width of 2 meters and a height of 1.5 meters to the door at 1.5 meters from the south wall of each storage hole. Each storage hole on the south wall left a 60-80 cm wide, 40-80 cm high double glazing to facilitate light and heat preservation. 3 Breathe: Keep one or two eyelets on each voucher of the storage hole, 50 centimeters above the ground and 25 to 30 centimeters in diameter. 4 pit roof: use brick or stone hair vouchers, and cover about 1.5 meters in the pit top and around to facilitate insulation. 5 Management Room: A small room at the end of the pit is used as a management room. The gate is located at the south side, and the inner door communicates with the storage hole. (2) Non-printed voucher: It consists of storage holes, clip walls, corridors, air eyes, pit roofs, and management rooms. 1 Storage Cave: East and West, North and South, arranged in two rows on both sides of the corridor, the hole is relatively, the number of holes can be determined according to the amount of storage. General hole width of 2 to 2.5 meters, 2.5 to 3 meters high, 5 meters long, each hole can be stored about 7500 kilograms of potato species. 2 clip wall: In the south of the cellar, 1 meter away from the storage hole, another exterior wall is built, and the two walls are filled with soil to facilitate thermal insulation. The outer wall is 2 meters higher than the pit floor to block the top of the pit. 3 Corridor: Located in the center, north-south, 2 meters wide and 3.5 to 4 meters high. At the south end, the door is left outside the wall to communicate with the management room as an inner door. A glass door with a width of 1.7 meters and a height of 1.2 meters is installed above the inner door. Clear light. 4 pit roof: with brick or stone hair vouchers, cellar roof and all around the cover of 1.0 meters, in order to facilitate insulation. 5 management room: At the south end of the cellar, a small room with a wall cover is used as a management room. It is best to use a semi-underground type for the entire large cellar, that is, to dig down one meter deep from the ground to build a cellar. If it is built on the ground, the surrounding walls should be thickened.