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1.Type Genus: Multi-branched deciduous shrub of Solanaceae Lycium
2.Another name: wolfberry, red berry, red pendant, blood berry, eye-brighten berry, Tzi-fruit, hoof berry, milk berry, immortality grass, sky-essence grass, wolfberry
3.Biology Character: illumination preferable, saline-alkali tolerance, fertilizer tolerance, drought-resistant, water stain should be sustained.
4.Medicinal Parts: goji berry/ goji berry leaves, goji berry roots. Low Pesticide Goji Berry Low Pesticide Goji Berry,Low Pesticide Goji,Low Pesticide Residue Wolfberry,Low Pesticide Dried Goji Berry Ningxia Bairuiyuan International Trading Co.,Ltd , https://www.cngoji.com
Application of in vitro digestion in pigs
Due to the large size of individual pigs, some digestive enzymes required for in vitro digestion, such as pepsin and trypsin, as well as small intestinal fluid, are relatively easy to obtain. And the number of one-time acquisition is also relatively large. Therefore, in vitro digestion has been studied and applied in pigs.
The in vitro digestion method of pigs includes pH method, single enzyme (such as pepsin) method, two-step method (pepsin-pancreatin method), three-step method (pepsin-trypsin-carbohydrate method), etc., which are all very good. Predict the in vivo digestion of pig feed.
The H+ produced during the proteolysis process was continuously neutralized with NaOH to keep the pH constant, and the amount of NaOH used was recorded. The in vitro digestibility of 31 plant protein protein feeds and 11 animal protein feeds determined by this method was significantly correlated with digestibility in pigs (r = 0.85 and 0.92). When evaluating 89 diet samples, it was found that treatment of feed samples with pepsin at pH=1.5 showed a high correlation coefficient between in vitro digestibility and in vivo digestibility (r=0.92), which can be used to predict feed. Digestibility in pigs. Researchers have improved the pepsin-pancreatin method. In the separation of digested nutrients and residues, the soluble peptides and proteins are first precipitated using trichloroacetic acid, and then the digested nutrients are separated by filtering the digested chyme with a standard filter for measuring fibers. Later, further improvements and improvements were made on the basis of the previous ones, and the improved in vitro digestion simulation method was successfully used to predict the ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids in pigs. There was a linear correlation between the in vitro organic matter digestibility of the 90 feed samples and 30 compound feeds determined by the pepsin-trypsin-carboenzyme method and the digestive energy in pigs (R2=0.94). This suggests that the pepsin-pancreatin-carbohydrate three-step method can predict the digestive energy of pig feed.
Application of in vitro digestion in ruminants
The application of in vitro digestion in ruminants mainly includes in vitro fermentation, nylon bag method, etc. Compared with the in vivo evaluation of feed nutritional value, the in vitro method has the following advantages: consistent fermentation conditions, consistent fermentation time; accurate determination of fermentation products The yield of the test; the cost of the test is low, so the application of in vitro digestion in ruminants is extensive.
Using sheep feces and rumen fluid as the source of bacteria, the in vitro digestibility of 9 kinds of roughage and 3 mixed neutral detergent fibers of 4 types (legume, gramineous, straw and silage) were determined. The fermented fiber index was used to assess the fiber quality of these roughages. The degradation of soybean peptide, corn peptide and rumen liquid peptide in 36, 72, 144, 216, 324 and 450 mg/L levels in rumen microbial culture was studied by in vitro experiments. The in vitro nylon bag fermentation technique was used to study the effects of different sources of nitrogen and carbohydrates and their proportions on the degradation rate of dry matter in vitro. The results showed that excessive urea supplementation and the in vitro degradation rate of dietary dry matter decreased with the increase of the ratio of starch and sucrose in the diet. The effects of microbial additives and urea on the release of fatty acids from silage corn were studied by in vitro digestion. The results showed that both microbial silage additives and urea could increase the content of volatile fatty acids after silage digestion, and the effect of the two was better. In vitro methods were used to compare the effects of different drying methods on the in vitro digestibility of Shengshi alfalfa, Huanxia Nanxun and Extra high ryegrass. The results showed that the spray chemical desiccant improved the in vitro digestibility.
Problems in in vitro digestion applications
The digestive process in animals is a complex, highly sophisticated and complete system that is a dynamic process that responds to various stimuli through neurological and hormonal regulation. It is very difficult, even impossible, to accurately simulate the complex digestion and absorption process of the in vivo digestive system in animals. The main reason is that many chemical reactions or physical processes occurring in the body cannot be simulated in vitro, such as dietary fiber digestion for chyme. The effect of channel rate; the effect of anti-nutritional factors on nutrient digestion and absorption processes in the body; the effect of endogenous loss of protein and amino acids on the apparent digestibility of proteins and amino acids, as well as the complex interactions between microorganisms in the digestive tract Simulated in the test. It is also difficult to take into account the variation factors affecting the digestibility in the body in vitro.
In practical applications, it is difficult to directly compare the in vitro digestibility estimates with the in vivo digestibility measurements, because the in vitro method for determining feed digestible protein and amino acid content mostly uses the difference method, ie, the total amount of raw protein and amino acid is subtracted. The protein and amino acid content in the residue after digestion (removing the protein and amino acid content in the blank residue), the difference between the two is the digestible protein and amino acid content. This method considers the soluble protein as the digested protein. Actually, this is not the case. Some soluble proteins are not absorbed by the animal, so the in vitro digestibility is estimated to be higher than the in vivo measured value. In addition, the in vivo digestibility usually refers to the full digestibility, while the in vitro digestion method generally simulates the digestive process of the anterior digestive tract, while the microbes in the latter digestive tract affect the protein that is not digested by the anterior digestive tract, which results in an in vitro digestibility estimate. The value is low; in addition, the amino acids in the excretion process are mainly derived from digestive chyme, and some are derived from intestinal metabolites, including intestinal secretions, intestinal cell shedding, intestinal mucosal proteins, etc., among these metabolites. The amino acid content will affect the determination of feed amino acids, which will also result in a lower estimate of in vitro digestibility.
Therefore, in vitro methods need to pay attention to the following points in the application: 1 The type and combination of enzyme preparations used in the in vitro digestion method should be as consistent as possible with the in vivo digestion reaction, in order to more accurately simulate the in vivo digestion process, such as the use of multiple enzymes Formulations (including proteases, lipases, peptidases, and carbohydrate enzymes) can fully account for the effects of other nutrient metabolism on protein and amino acid digestibility. 2 The ratio of enzyme to substrate concentration, enzyme specificity and enzyme activity should also be consistent with the body. If the concentration of pepsin used in in vitro digestion is too high, the inferior protein can be completely digested. Low, the protein is not completely digested. 3 Incubation temperature and pH need to be adjusted to levels consistent with the body. 4 The concentration of the enzyme and the incubation time should be adjusted with the simulated in vivo conditions to be as close as possible to the in vivo conditions. 5 In order to avoid the inhibition of the enzymatic reaction of the possible digestive products, the endo-digestion product should be separated from the undigested material as soon as possible. 6 should pay attention to the effect of sample weight and particle size on digestibility. 7 Consider the effects of hormones on the digestion of nutrients.
Application prospect of in vitro digestion assay
It can be seen from the above that there are many limitations in the practical application of the in vitro digestion assay, but this does not mean that there is no significance for the study in vitro. In contrast, the in vitro digestion assay has great potential in assessing the value of feed.
The in vitro digestion measurement technology has been greatly developed over the past decades. The future development direction of in vitro digestion measurement technology is: from simple to complex, from single enzyme to multi-enzyme, from closed static incubation system to dynamic dialysis incubation system, by animal Digestive juice (small intestinal fluid and rumen fluid) to commercial enzyme preparations (pepsin preparation, trypsin preparation and microbial fiber degrading enzyme), from the estimation of dry matter and protein nutritional value to the estimation of calcium and phosphorus, crude fiber, etc. The trend of the development of the nutritional value of matter. The in-depth development of in vitro digestion assays is designed to make it easier, faster, and more accurate to estimate digestibility in the body, thereby more scientifically assessing the nutritional value of feed.
In conclusion, the in vitro digestion assay is a promising method for evaluating the nutritional value of feeds, which can better compare the pros and cons of feed digestion, and can study the nutrient intake of dietary nutrients by endogenous nutrient. The relative impact of excretion, as long as the factors that interfere with the in vivo digestibility determination results are considered as comprehensive as possible in the actual application, and the impact is quantified into the established regression equation, a more accurate estimate of the in vivo digestibility can be obtained. value.
Study on the evaluation of nutritional value of feed by in vitro digestion
Accurate assessment of the nutritional value of various feeds is key to formulating the diet. It is well known that methods for assessing the nutritional value of feeds are mainly chemical analysis, in vivo methods and in vitro methods. Chemical analysis is a common method for assessing the nutritional value of feeds, such as total energy, total phosphorus, crude protein, crude fiber and crude fat. However, there is a big difference between the feed nutrients measured by the rough nutrient analysis and the animal's digestion and absorption nutrients, which is not enough to accurately reflect the actual nutritional value of the feed. Animal testing can be used to assess the nutritional value of feed more accurately. However, these methods are time consuming and laborious. It is difficult to evaluate and analyze a large number of feed samples in a short period of time, and there are many biological influence factors, and the results vary greatly. Poor repeatability limits its usefulness. Therefore, people have established an in vitro method to study the nutritional value of feed. With advances in technology and advances in animal digestive physiology, it has become possible to use animal in vitro digestion simulation techniques to study the nutritional value of feed. The in vitro method is simple, rapid, and reproducible, and plays an important role in the evaluation of feed nutritional value. In this paper, the application status, application problems and application prospects of in vitro methods in different animals are reviewed to improve people's understanding and attention to in vitro methods.