[Distribution of origin]

It is mainly produced in Jilin, Liaoning, Heilongjiang and other provinces. Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei, and Hubei provinces also have cultivation. The wild has been very rare.

The ginseng (Pnarginseng CA.My), alias 槌, is a perennial herb of the Araliaceae. Originating in China, North Korea, and Russia. The early use of ginseng medicine in China, cultivation history for a long time, large planting area, as much as the output, are the highest in the world. China's ginseng is mainly produced in the three northeastern provinces, Jilin Province, the largest. Root medicine, inflorescences, stems and leaves, and seeds are also used for medicinal purposes. The main components of ginseng are Rb1, Rg1, and more than 20 kinds of ginsenosides. In addition, they contain other volatile oils such as panaxynol, β-elemene, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, peptides, amino acids, and more. Sugars, vitamins, and trace elements needed by the body. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that ginseng can regulate nervous, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems, promote the metabolism of the body and the synthesis of proteins, DNA, and RNA, improve brain, physical activity and immune function, and enhance anti-aging, anti-tumor, and anti- Fatigue, anti-radiation, anti-inflammatory effects. Ginseng tastes sweet and bitter, cool, familiar and sweet. There are functions such as replenishing Qi, helping the heart and reviving the heart, reassuring the vitality of the body, strengthening the spleen and strengthening the spleen. For physically weak shortness of breath, spontaneous sweating, cold, thirst, insomnia, forgetfulness, impotence, urinary frequency embolism. It is also good for high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, liver disease, diabetes, etc. It is a good nourishing and strong medicine for “strengthening the body”.

(I) Introduction of plant characteristics and varieties

1. Plant characteristics Ginseng (Fig. 8-1) Plant height about 60 cm, palmate compound impellers, leaves lanceolate or elliptic, margins shallowly serrate, straight roots hypertrophy, branches below, roots rooted at top of roots, One year of hyperplasia, the fall of the autumn ground wilt, leaving a disc-shaped stem marks on the roots, commonly known as "reed bowl", rooted on the root of a few adventitious roots, commonly known as "door?", peanuts on the top of the stem. Perianth 5, yellowish green, 5 stamens, 1 pistil, lower ovary, bright red berry ripe, seed oblate.

2. Introduction

(1) Farm varieties

1 The main roots of Malaysian horses are thick and short, and the reed bowls are large. They grow fast and produce high yields. Fusong County, Jilin Province is the representative production area.

2 The two horse teeth roots and bodies are longer, less lateral roots, after plastic surgery, with two legs as beautiful as the human shape, called the "edge bargin." The edge strips enjoy great reputation both at home and abroad, and Ji’an City, Jilin Province is the representative production area.

3 Long-necked rhizomes are slender and small in size. After many years of cultivation, wild ginseng can be called, and "mountain ginseng" is called. The main producing area is Kuandian County, Liaoning Province.

The length of the rhizome of the round-winged reed, the plant growth rate, and the size are between the two horse teeth and the long neck.

(2) Breeding varieties

1 Border Bar No. 1 Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Institute of Medicinal Plants collaborates with Ji'an Ji'an Yichang Field. After more than 20 years of hard work, a new high-yield and high-quality ginseng ginseng variety No. 1 has been developed by systematic breeding methods.

2 Huangguo Ginseng and Ginseng No. 1 The Institute of Special Products of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences also cultivated yellow ginseng with high content of active ingredients and high-yield and high-quality Ginseng No. 1.

All of the above species are expanding their reproduction.

(b) Biological characteristics

1. Growth and development of ginseng in the main producing areas of northeast China in May, the results of flowering in June, July and August seeds mature, withered in October, the whole growth period of 130 to 150 days.

Ginseng generally takes 6 years from sowing to harvesting. The aboveground part is basically a year of one compound leaf. Its compound leaf is composed of 3 leaflets (commonly known as the "three flowers") each year. After that, each year is basically an annual increase consisting of 5 leaflets. Compound leaves. After six years, the compound leaves no longer increase. The growth of underground roots is increasing year by year. The average plant weight ranges from 0.5 to 0.8 grams per year, and from 50 to 80 grams per year in the sixth year, up to 300 grams.

Three years of ginseng began to produce seeds, and then increase year by year, but leaving seeds affect the yield. Therefore, it is mostly reserved in the fourth or fifth year.

2. The requirements for environmental conditions Ginseng is a negative plant. The requirements for light are more stringent, and the compensation point for ginseng light is about 400 lux. Light increases from 400 lux to 10,000 lux, and its photosynthetic rate seems to increase linearly. The optimum light intensity of ginseng's fertility varies with latitude and temperature, and the light intensity at high latitudes and low temperatures is required to be strong, and vice versa. It is small at 7,000-22,000 lux in high latitudes and 7000 to 10,000 lux in low latitudes at higher temperatures. .

Ginseng hi cold climate, the average annual temperature of 2.4 to 13.9 °C, the annual rainfall of 500 to 2000 mm under the conditions can be cultivated. In subtropical high latitudes and high altitude mountains, such as Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan and other alpine mountain areas have been successfully introduced and cultivated.

Ginseng is neither drought tolerant nor resistant to soil, and the relative soil moisture content is better than 70% to 80%. Therefore, it is extremely important to do a good job of drainage and irrigation.

(III) Cultivation Techniques The cultivation of ginseng mainly consists of woodland plantation and farmland planting (wild wild ginseng cultivation is introduced in another article).

1. Woodland plant

(1) The choice of site preparation site should be a broad-leaved forest with a slope below 15o and a sandy loam or live loam with a high humus content of 5.5-6.8. In general, the first year of planing to plant ginseng for the second year, so that the soil matured, increased fertility to reduce pests and diseases, before the site preparation can be the cake fertilizer and carbendazim, carbaryl and other pesticides were applied at 50 grams per square meter, 20 grams, 15 grams per square meter On the ground, mixed with earth, make a width of 1.2-1.4 meters, 0.5 meters of work lanes, and a height of about 25 centimeters.

(2) Breeding methods

1 Seed treatment Spring and autumn sowing need germination. Because ginseng seeds are of incomplete embryo development type, the newly harvested seed embryos are very small and consist of only a few cells, such as the size of the needle tip, which is barely visible to the naked eye. It is necessary to mix and moisturize with the wet sand, and the temperature varies between 20 and 12°C. In the next 3 to 4 months, the embryos grow up and the seeds crack. This stage is called form ripening period, and it is stored at a low temperature of about 5°C for 2 to 3 months to complete the physiological ripening period before the seeds can emerge. .

2 To plant Northeast ginseng production area, the warmer climate Ji'an Ji'an and other places, sowing in July after sowing, the use of natural temperature, can complete the form after ripe and physiological after-ripening, the second year can normally emerge. In the cold climate of Fusong, Jilin Province, when the seeds could not complete two ripening periods, they had to dry the seeds and wait until the second summer to sow and emerge in the third year. For the second year to emerge, the germination method must be used.

Seeding method, generally sowing, seed 3.5 to 5 grams per square meter, covering about 5 cm. Can also be ordered, with a 5 cm 5 cm line spacing pressure device pressure 3 cm deep hole first, sowing 1 seed per hole, cover soil 5 cm, on-demand thin uniform, but more expensive work, used for scientific experiments . It should also be used in the case of labor force licensing. Immediately after sowing, roots, grasses and other objects shall be covered to prevent the rain from flushing the surface and the soil from being hardened and dried, and from being able to prevent the slow freezing of winter and spring. (Because of the direct speed of sunlight after freezing, freezing at night and quick freezing, etc. The seeds and the roots of the victims are known as slow-frozen.

3 Transplanting Because of different regions, different conditions such as soil quality and climate, Jilin ginseng production area has formed two major reference areas, namely, the Border Region in Ji’an City and the ordinary area represented by Fusong County. The two major planting areas are different.

The cultivation of common ginseng: The general ginseng area is dominated by the farmer cultivar Damascus. The local soil is more viscous, the rainwater penetrates more slowly, and the climate is cold. The ginseng root is not easy to squat and the ginseng body is short and thick. It is basically transplanted for three years. The six-year-old harvest (3 years after transplanting) is called three-three cultivation. In addition to the local rain, the thick layer of humus must be reshaped when it is transplanted. Roots will be rotted when it is planted and cannot be cultivated.

The cultivation of ginseng ginseng: The ginseng ginseng area is dominated by the farmer's breed of two horses, with large soil sand, rapid infiltration of rainwater, warm climate, and easy access to the roots. That is to say, the lateral roots and fibrous roots on the seedlings will all fall off. Only two long and thick lateral roots will be left at the bottom of the main body. In the future, they will grow into two legs so that the roots will look like beautiful people, because the two horse teeth will not grow as fast as the big teeth. In order to increase the level of side strips, after transplanting for two years, the roots will be dug out to meet the requirements of the roots and roots. The good-looking and disease-free varieties will be planted for two years and harvested seven years later. The three-year-old transplant will be transplanted. The five-year-old replanted the seedlings for a two-year harvest and called the "three-two-two" system. "Below to be plastic", not bad after planting, this is the characteristic of the border zone, the common pavilion will be rotten after planting. Therefore, we must not ask for it.

During the autumn of transplanting, both spring and autumn, the autumn planting is carried out in mid-October until the soil is frozen. In the spring, soil thawing of ginseng starts. Because of the short time, only a small area can be used. Before transplanting, strong, no lesions of the seedlings should be selected, planting according to medium, small, etc., otherwise the mixed seedlings will affect the growth. The three-year reference seedling spacing is 20 to 25 centimeters, 12 to 16 rows per meter long, and 7 to 10 centimeters of cover soil.

(3) Field Management

1 to prevent cold in the early spring soil thawing, remove the cold-proof surface of the scar, loosen the spasm, so that the tile into the shape of the back, then covered with deciduous and other objects.

2 Sheltered scaffolds must be planted to grow ginseng and shaded according to the height and shape of the scaffolding. There are high sheds, low sheds, flat sheds, spinal sheds, and sheds (Figure 8-2).

______________ 10-30 meters wide ___________________
_____________________________________________
| | |
High Shed | 1.8m high |
| | |
| ____ __ 1.2-1.5 meters |
______|__/_________________________|_________

________ 1.8-2.2 meters wide _______
______________________________
| | |
Dwarf shed | 0.6-1.0 m high |
| ______________ |
__ |__/__1.0-1.2_______|_____

________ width 2.2-2.4 meters _______
______ ______
/ |
/ |
/ __ 1.0-1.2
Arch shed | | |
| __________ | 0.8 m |
__|_/_ 1.0-1.2 _ |___|____|____

2.0-2.5 meters 2.0-2.5 meters
_____________| |________________ Ridge Heights
| | | |
| High 1.0-1.2 | | High 1.3-1.5 meters |
Spinal shed | ______ | | _________ |
___|_/_______ _| |_/_1.0-1.2__|_____

Ginseng Scaffolding Schematic

According to the transmission of light and rain, there is a single transparent shed and a double transparent shed. The single shed only transmits light without leakage, and the double shed can transmit light and rain. Due to lack of plastic film, double-deck sheds are only suitable for use in areas where there is little rain, good soil permeability, and low humus content. They must also be covered with mulching, otherwise rain will wash and soak, resulting in soil compaction and serious disease. . No matter what shed, we must make the density of the curtain, that is to say, the transparency of the shade must be small and not small, generally it is 15% to 30% of light transmittance. It is better that the temperature varies with different regions and seasons. Optimum transmittance is also different. Therefore, proper dimming should be performed. For example, in Changbai County, Jilin Province, the climate is relatively cool. In May, only one film was covered. In June, one layer of film was added with one layer of curtain. In July, one layer of film was added with two layers of curtain. In August, the same period as in June and September is the same as 5 In this month, a record of 2.25 kg/m2 in large area was achieved in this way.

3 Fertilization Ginseng is based on basal fertilizer. Applying more organic fertilizer can improve the soil. Fertilizer should be applied early, fertilizer must be decomposed, so as not to harm. After transplanting, the seedlings can be planted with shallow ditch after being unearthed, and the farmyard manure (5-10kg/m2 of pig manure, cow manure and horse manure, or 50g/m2 of cake fertilizer, superphosphate or compound fertilizer. Apply fertilizer to the left and right sides of the ditch, cover the soil, and water it immediately after fertilization, otherwise the soil drought will be prone to damage.

4 Picking ginseng ginseng began to produce seeds for three years, but the number was small. After 4 years of life, the amount of seeds produced is relatively large. Generally four or five years old will be reserved for 1 seed. Other annuals will be removed before flowering in early June so that the concentration of nutrients can increase root yield and quality.

5 Drought prevention and drainage The dry season should be watered and drought-protected in the dry season. Where there is no irrigating equipment in a single shed, temporarily remove the plastic sheet and let the rain recover. In the rainy season, ditches should be dug to make up for leaky plastic film and avoid damage.

6 Overwintering Management Before the soil is frozen (from October to November), cover the leaves, rice straw, wormgrass, and work lane soil around the surface. The thickness is 10 to 20 cm to prevent the damage caused by the slow freezing damage to the spores. In winter, snow and cold areas should also be covered with sheds with plastic film and curtains, which can prevent heavy snow from smashing the shack and allow winter snow to accumulate and accumulate moisture.

(4) Pest and disease prevention There are more than 20 types of ginseng diseases. The main ones are:

1 Incidence of Alternaria panax Whetz. is 20% to 30%, and severe cases are more than 80%. From May to June, yellow spots appear on the leaves, which gradually expand into dark browns. Black spores appear when it rains or when the air humidity is high. If it does not prevent the whole field from spreading leaves and dead within a few weeks. Control methods: The seeds of disease-free plants were sown and soaked with polyoxin 200 international units for 24 hours before sowing to prevent seed infection. Strengthen field management, especially suitable for light; mainly for prevention, use 65% mancozeb WP that is effective against melasma 500 times, 45% Daisen ammonium agent 1000 times, 50% Imidazole Wet powder 400 times liquid is used alternately every 7 to 10 days to spray 1 times, and the rain should be sprayed immediately after spraying.

2Phytophthoracactorum (Led.etcoh.) Schrot. ] Symptoms are that the leaves are scalded like boiling water. They start sporadically in June. In July and August, hot and rainy weather spreads and spreads very quickly. At the beginning of onset, the virus was sprayed with 400 times liquid of Rhizoctonia, which was very effective.

3 Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. is one of the major diseases of the ginseng seedlings. The pathogens make the seedlings contract and rot in the stems at the interface of 3 to 5 cm of wet and dry earth, and cut off the transporting tissues, thus causing the seedlings to fall down. Control method: Before sowing, use 30% DLK WP to disinfect seeds according to 0.2%～0.3% of the seed amount (Non-drying can be used instead of DKS). Use seedlings with 500 times liquid Lishuling per square meter. Spray 3 kilograms of liquid, control efficiency over the enemy. Found that the diseased strain should be immediately removed, and 500 times liquid Lishuling Irrigation, to prevent the disease disease plants.

4 Sclerotini sp. Disease The disease is rooted in white soft root rot, easy peeling of the root bark, only root bark later. The disease mainly occurred before the seedlings were unearthed. Sclerotinia and carbendazim soil disinfection can be prevented.

5 ginseng rust rot [Cylindrocarponpanacicola and C. Destru-ctans (Zins) Scholten] The disease occurs in all parts of the roots, the lesions are rust-colored, spread from the point to the surface to the whole roots, soil moisture, poor ventilation, thick humus layer, the incidence of heavy. Control methods: Select drainage, good air permeability, shave the ground 1 year ahead of time, apply rotting fertilizer, disinfect the soil with carbendazim and other pesticides, and prevent the seedlings from being injured when transplanting.

6 Insect Pests There are more than a dozen species of pests that damage ginseng, of which the most common are crickets, cockroaches, locusts, ground tigers, and night robbers. Control methods: adopt comprehensive prevention and control, prepare soil in advance, apply high-temperature composting, fully decomposed fertilizer, light trapping and killing adults, do a good job in field health, and manually kill. Chemical control: 3mg of phoxim or 15 gram of carbaryl per square meter at the site preparation, 50% of trichlorfon wettable powder, 1kg of 20kg of fried bran or soybean cake plus appropriate amount of water during the growing season Assembled poisonous bait is spread on the surface and trapped and killed; for refractory golden needleworms, boiled potato or millet and Suzi are mixed with trichlorfon to form a small group to bury the soil, trap insects into the group, and manually kill.

(5) Breeding of improved varieties According to the current actual situation, the following three aspects should be followed in the breeding of ginseng production: 1 The general area should be selected for Damascus No. 2 and other species, and the marginal area should be selected for two horse teeth. Wait for the species to stay. 2 Seeds with five-year-old plants. 3 Before flowering, remove the middle flower of inflorescence to make the seeds full and full.

2. Farmland planting ginseng Planting ginseng by using cultivated land is called farmland planting. It is an important way to protect the ecological environment, resolve the conflict between forest industry and forestry, and continuously develop the ginseng industry. Because the planting of forest land requires the ploughing of woodland and complete destruction of vegetation, resulting in soil erosion, landslides, and loss of ecological balance, it is not conducive to the sustainable development of agricultural production. To this end, starting in 1983, we accepted the task of the national "6th Five-Year Plan" research project "Research on the cultivation of ginseng farmland". After 6 years of hard work, we have passed through a single study and verified it on a large scale. The center, irrigation, dimming, and prevention of pests and diseases as a major measure of suitability for the application of a set of farmland cultivation technology in northeastern China in the northeast of China have been basically mature, for example, in the 2060m2 area of ​​the Institute of Medicinal Plant Research of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences in Beijing, per square meter 2.27 kilograms of fresh ginseng production, one or two equal participation in the 84% level.

Farmland planting is basically the same as the planting method used to participate in the forest land. The following only describes the technical measures different from the forestland planting parameters. The unmentioned measures can be referred to the forestland planting technology mentioned above.

(1) Choose a sandy loam that is fertile, loose, and convenient for drainage and irrigation. If clay-loam soil is mixed with sand, it will increase costs. Former crops are corn, beans, wheat and other crops.

(2) Soil improvement The biggest difference between farmland soil and woodland soil is that the content of organic matter is insufficient, the structure of granules is poor, and the air permeability is not good, which is unfavorable for long-term adaptation to ginseng that loosens fertile soil. Therefore, the soil must be changed. The method is a year before planting, at least in the spring of that year, a large amount of decomposed pig manure, compost, peat, etc. were applied at a rate of 0.1m3 per square meter. After the wet corn stalks are stalked into sections, it is better to be applied to the land after being piled up and plowed by a rotary cultivator or animal plough once a month to fully decompose them, kill pests and diseases, and prepare the soil in the previous month. The ridges are then turned twice more. At this time, the soil can be disinfected with carbendazim, trichlorfon or carbaryl etc. per square meter to further kill the pests. In order to facilitate field management such as irrigation and spraying, it is advisable to take a high shed of about 2 meters. The work lane is about 40 centimeters narrower than the forest land ginseng, and it is too narrow to drain.

(3) Drainage and irrigation of farmland in northern China can be used for advanced irrigation techniques such as drip irrigation or micro-spraying to save water and soil. The test results show that the ginseng cultivated in farmland is sensitive to the dry and moisture response of the soil. Within the relative soil moisture content of less than 84%, the ginseng yield increases with the increase of soil moisture, and the micro-sprinkler irrigation yields 16% to 111% more than the pipe irrigation. Irrigation technology combined with the covering measures, can better play a role in saving water and increasing production. In the case where the relative water content of the soil is 80%, the grass cover and grass cover will save 50% irrigation water and increase production by 41%. Because the farmland soil is not as high as the woodland soil, the porosity is also relatively small. Therefore, the relative moisture content of ginseng growth cannot be higher than 84%, otherwise the air permeability does not affect growth.

(4) Harvesting and processing

1. Harvest ginseng generally 6 years of harvest, in order to cultivate large head and side ginseng, you need to transplant more than 1 7-9 years of harvest. Research shows that the harvest is best in mid-September, with high yields and high dry discount rates, and good quality.

2. The roots from processing and harvesting must be processed in a timely manner, and long stacking time will affect the quality of the product. Processed varieties are common red ginseng, raw ginseng and sugar ginseng.

(1) Processing of red ginseng The selected roots without water spots are cleaned and cleaned by machines or by hand. They are placed on steaming plates according to the grades of medium, small, and large. Steamers or steamers are used in small quantities. A large number of available steaming cabinets are available. , Firewood or boiler steam, temperature from low to high, then high to low, that is, from 30 °C → 60 °C → 90 °C → 96 °C → 70 °C, a total of 5 ~ 6 hours, if there is no good temperature control equipment , It can be steamed for about 3 hours after the water is opened. The steamed ingredients shall be placed in a drying tray and dried in a drying room for a period of time. The drying shall be performed in two stages. The first stage temperature shall be 70-80°C for 10-15 hours; the second stage shall be 40-45°C until dry. until. During the baking process, the tide should be drained in time. After the lateral roots are dry, cut off the small portions of the roots and the lower ends of the roots. Cut them into bundles of 3 cm in diameter and dry them together with the main body and dry them.

(2) Sugar participates in the method of selecting the roots for the shortage of water and the lack of head and tail, remove the hair roots on the main side, scrape off the spots, put it in boiling water for 20-40 minutes, and the time for the small frying is shorter. The deep-fried product uses a “sweeping needle” to prick holes in the body, allowing the syrup to enter the pavilion, placing the roots of the wells in the cylinder, the head toward the cylinder wall, the root tail in the cylinder, and the top curtain pressing on the bamboo. In the stones, pour the sugar into the tank and dip the roots. Place the night and remove the ginseng for the second time. Fill the sugar and repeat it 3 times. Place it outdoors until it is sticky and put it at 35-40°C. The drying room is dry. After drying, the surface of the body is dried with water to remove the sticking sugar on the body surface. After the control is dry, it is put in a smoker's box and smoked with sulfur for 4 hours. The first syrup is 50 kg of sugar plus 10 to 12 kg of water, and the second is the sugar of 25 to 30 kg of sugar after the first sugar filling. The third time is the second time sugar syrup 15-17 kg. 500 grams of ginseng can produce 1,000 kilograms of sugar.

(3) Fresh-skins participating in the method of washing fresh ginseng placed on a drying curtain after drying, drying at a temperature of 40-48°C, and when drying, it is also necessary to pay attention to timely drainage in order to avoid reddening and changing color. black.

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