PMU is used to produce estrogen and hormone-replacement drugs such as Premarin, PremPro and PremPhase and DUAVEE, a "PremPro-Lite" which contains Premarin. PMU drugs are made by keeping mares constantly pregnant and collecting their estrogen-rich urine. The horses should be in good healthy, age from 4-15 years old, the color
should be dark. the horses should be check-up and disinfected during
the transportation. The blood taking should be called off immediately
when infectious disease is found, any medicine of Penicillin and
streptomycin is forbidden to use.
Pregnant Mare Urine,Pregnant Horse Urine,Horse Urine Uses,Horse Urine Benefits Jiangxi Institute of Biological Products Inc. , https://www.jxinstitute.com
In 1930, Italy had completed the first artificial spawning of quail fish until the last one or two decades. It only attracted the attention of the countries concerned in the world and became an important international biological research. Question. China, the United States, India, the former Soviet Union, Japan and Israel have all actively conducted a large number of experimental studies and made great progress. Seed production technology has a production level, there are many theoretical issues and technical key, pending further study and discussion.
First, broodstock bred to cultivate high-quality broodstock for oxytocin production, is the primary key to the artificial propagation of fleas and shuttles, and is the material basis and prerequisite for the entire artificial breeding process. Only on the basis of fully mature gonads of broodstock, supplemented with appropriate measures for oxytocin production, artificial reproduction can achieve the intended purpose. The role of oxytocosis is only to promote a series of reactions such as cleavage of mature oocytes, rupture of follicles, and ovulation through stimulation of the ovary. Whether this series of reactions can occur depends on whether the ovaries can accept this stimulus, that is, the internal cause of the mature state of the ovaries at the time of production. Practice has proved that only the ovaries at the end of the fourth period can enter the sensitive period after a certain water temperature stimulation to accept this external stimulus. If the broodstock is not cultivated, the gonads are not yet mature, or have not entered the sensitive period. Even the best oxytocin technology (with high efficiency, high dose of oxytocic) will not help, or it will be very unsatisfactory. This shows that the broodstock cultivation plays an important role in the artificial reproduction process.
To cultivate broodstock, it is necessary to create good conditions according to the developmental rules of gonads and barracudas to promote their gonads to mature.
(I) Broodstock cultivation pond
1 . Breeding pond conditions Broodstock breeding ponds have no special requirements, but in order to benefit the growth, development and feeding management of broodstock, attention should be paid to the selection of culturing ponds: proximity to water sources, seawater and freshwater drainage are convenient, and the salinity of the water can be adjusted at any time And improve the water quality of the pond; close to the production base, the environment is quiet, easy transportation and feeding management. Area of ​​2 to 3 acres of rectangular fish ponds is appropriate, if the area is too large, inconvenient management, fishing is also difficult, and large pond fish, multiple batches of oxytocin caused a pond multiple times to pull the net, easy to damage the broodstock, so that broodstock degeneration. The water depth is about 1.5m, the bottom of the pool is flat, and the slope ratio of the pool is 1:2.5-3. There should be a suitable amount of (5-10cm) fertilizer mud layer at the bottom of the pool. This kind of pond is conducive to breeding basic bait and fishing operations.
2. The clearing and brooding broodstock cultivation ponds of the cultivation ponds should be conducted once a year to eliminate predator-friendly animals, bacteria and some aquatic plants, excavate excessive sludge, improve water quality, and do a good job in the pool embankment renovation work. Clearing is generally performed after the end of artificial reproduction. Before the broodstock is stocked, the fish ponds, fish powder, tea seed cakes, ammonia water, quicklime and other drug clearing ponds are used (the amount of the drug can refer to the shrimp clear pool). Then 30 to 40 mesh sieve nets are used to filter in seawater and apply base fertilizer (fertilizer or manure) to breed basic bait for broodstock. The pool water can also be drained first to remove wild fish and apply organic fertilizer. After exposure for 3 to 5 days, the fish can be fed into a fertilizer pond.
(B) Source and stocking of broodstock
1. There are three sources of broodstock currently used for artificial propagation: one is the collection of naturally-grown broodstock from the sea in autumn or early spring, followed by a short period of intensive cultivation to promote its maturation (such as Shandong and Liaoning); Individuals cultivated in brackish water with a salinity of 5% or more are intensively cultivated in a 1-year special pool to develop them into mature broodstock (such as Tianjin and Hebei); and thirdly, they are selected from freshwater or half in autumn or early spring. The cultured barracuda in salt water (0.5 to 5.0 ç› in salinity), before winter or after winter, gradually changes salinity to 13 to 18 ‰, which promotes its maturation (such as Jiangsu).
2. The broodstock transport broodstock is best sourced locally and cultivated in situ, as far as possible to avoid long-distance transportation. Transport vehicles include cars and live water boats. The broodstock can be packed in wooden rakes, canvas buckets, plastic fishing rods or oxygenated nylon bags. It is also possible to place the fish in a perforated nylon bag, one per bag, and then place the fish and the bag together in the water of the container to avoid collision. It is best to transport broodstock when the water temperature is around 10°C. In transport, we must try to keep the water fresh, oxygen is sufficient, where conditions can be used nylon bag oxygenation transport, commonly used anesthetic drugs are quinidine, barbiturates, ether, MS-222. Chloral water, tert-butyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, polyacetaldehyde, pivalyl alcohol, etc.
3. The choice of broodstock to choose to stay in the barracuda, the general male more than 2 years of age, weighing 0.5 to 0.75kg, the female is more than 3 years of age, weight 1 to 2kg or more, and cultivated into a leap year, you can use. For squid, broodstock is usually made from 4 to 6 instar females weighing 2 kg and males 4 instar and weighing 1.2 kg. Taiwan's broodstock caught in the sea is about 4 years old, 32-50 cm in length and 1.0-2.0 in body weight. Okg, broilers raised in freshwater ponds should be over 3 years of age.
In general, it is better to choose a large number of individuals and not only have a high fecundity, but also have a faster growth. However, attention should be paid to the proportion of males and females. Apply to males and females to identify difficulties in appearance. When electing to stay, it is necessary to appropriately select more individuals weighing 0.5 to 1 kg to prevent one-sided selection of large individuals, resulting in shortage of males during production. The selected broodstock requires a healthy body and no injury.
4. Proper stocking of broodstock A reasonable stocking density is an important measure to ensure good development of the gonads of fish and requires both. The use of water bodies can also make gonads develop well. The number of stocking should be determined according to the conditions of the pond. Generally, 40 to 80 broodstock per mu of water are stocked, and the weight of the fish is 70 to 1.00 kg. Israel is a migratory spawning fish that is caught in the open sea or a large carp caught from the estuary. It is stocked in ponds at a density of 600-800 ha (40-50 pigs per mu) per hectare two months before spawning. For broodstock. Male and female broodstock can be mixed together, and their ratio is generally 1:1.5.
In order to prevent pathogenic organisms from entering the pool, the fish can be washed for 5-10 minutes with 1/150,000th of malachite green or one-thousandth of potassium permanganate solution. However, avoid using drugs containing organic phosphorus.
(3) Feeding and brooding Broodstock cultivation should be based on the feeding habits of the broodstock, changes in food intake in different seasons, and characteristics of gonadal development. The central link is to fertilize, feed and regulate water quality.
1. Fertilization and feeding baits are important factors for the normal maturation of gonads. The quantity and quality of broodstock feeds directly determine the quality of gonad development in the broodstock. Under poor nutritional conditions, the nutrients obtained by the broodstock must first maintain the need for overall metabolism, and the gonadal development will be slow and even stagnant. Poor breeding before winter, body fat accumulation is not much, the inherent potential of egg yolk in the winter and spring oocytes is reduced, thereby delaying the maturity period. Therefore, rational fertilization and feeding are the key to breeding broodstock and broodstock.
In order to cultivate broodstock broodstock ponds, in addition to the base fertilizer, additional fertilizers, such as human excrement, poultry excrement, livestock excreta and a small amount of chemical fertilizers, should be added to make the water rich in organic matter and adequate nutrient salts to maintain a certain degree of fatness. Contributes to the growth and reproduction of plankton and bottom algae in the pool. The amount of application must be determined according to the specific circumstances. It is generally necessary to grasp the principles of basal fertilization, continuous topdressing, timely dressing, and less quantity. It is necessary to keep the pool water stable without compromising the pool water. The water color of the pufferfish and broodstock ponds is preferably oily green or light brownish green, with a transparency of about 25 cm. During the high temperature season or when the pool water is found to be deteriorated, fertilization should be stopped and new water should be replaced in time. In addition to fertilization, enough feed must be put in order to ensure that the broodstock is adequately nutritious. The foods cultivated by bream and barracuda broodstock include oil cakes, bran bran, cornmeal, sorghum noodles, fish meal, distiller's grains, shrimp pupa, malt, and artificial diets. In spring, when the temperature of the water rises above 4°C, the broodstock begin to ingest food. However, the intensity of food intake is not large. You can vote once every 3 to 5 days. When the water temperature becomes warmer, the ingestion intensity rapidly increases, and feeding should be enhanced at this time. When the water temperature is above 15°C, the daily feeding amount should be about 3% of the total weight of the fish body, and generally, 50g or less of the peanut cake can be fed every day at each end. In feeding, we must constantly check the broodstock feeding situation, adjust the amount of feeding in time, the broodstock during the winter, still need to feed properly, and do a safe wintering work.
2. Adjusting water quality Regulating water quality is an important measure to cultivate retrofauna and broodstock. During the spring intensive cultivation, fresh water must be added to the pool regularly to regulate the water quality, improve the oxygen status of the pool water, accelerate the circulation of the material, and promote the growth of plankton. At the same time, the stimulation of flowing water is conducive to the gonad development of the broodstock. In ponds with deteriorated water quality and long-term hypoxia, gonad development in broodstock is inhibited. In Shandong Rushan, when training barracudas, the practice of diverting water is from the end of March to mid-April, and water is injected every week: times, and each time the amount of water injected is 1/10 of the pool water. Before the end of April, before the spawning, water is injected early in the morning. , each time you fill water V20. The practice of Liaoning Donggou is: water is injected every 7-10 days in the spring, and water injection is 15 to 120 cm. From May onwards, water is injected once every 3 to 4 days, each time water injection is 10 to 25cm. The experience in Jiangsu is: water injection every 2 to 3 weeks in the fall, water injection 1 to 2 weeks in the spring, and water injection every two weeks before spawning: times.
3. Although the pre-natal salt water transition oysters and barracuda are widely salty fish, their normal development of the gonads requires a certain salinity environment. In general, the barracuda in salty water of 3 to more than 6% of the salt, fresh water, normal development of the gonads, high maturation rate, salinity of less than 3 paper individual gonads can mature, but the maturation rate is low. In the low-salt and semi-aqueous waters, the maturation coefficient of the gonads of the barracuda is larger than that of the seafood, but the male and female fish are more prone to reach sexual maturity than the lobsters of seawater, and when the marine ribs are ovulated, they are low. The gonads of salinity and saltwater pike are still on stage W.
There have been many studies at home and abroad on the causes of ovarian infertility of barracuda in freshwater. From a comparative observation of histology of the pituitary gland, fresh and saltwater cultured mullet fish were found in the anterior pituitary (mostly prolactin secretion). The cell composition is more developed than the barracuda. The freshwater lobster fish is particularly developed in the anterior pituitary, which suggests that the freshwater environment promotes the activity of prolactin-secreting cells in the anterior pituitary, which is related to the increase of osmotic pressure regulation capacity of barracuda to adapt to freshwater life. The relative atrophy of the lobes is due to the large increase in the secretion of prolactin, which inhibits the activity of the mesenchymal hormone-secreting cells. This leads to hinder the further development of the gonads. Therefore, the possible factors for infertility in freshwater cultured lobster fish are mainly due to lack of proper salinity in living conditions. Nelly et al. (1970) also found that the anterior pituitary of carp cultured in freshwater is also significantly larger than that of marine maggots; on the contrary, its mesophyll is significantly smaller than that of marine maggots. They also observed that the prolactin content in the anterior pituitary of freshwater ticks was much higher than that of seawater ticks. Blanc et al. (1968) determined that the titer of luteinizing hormone (LH) per milligram of seawater salamander was 12 times higher than that of freshwater salmon. As with the fish, the freshwater environment promoted the activity of prolactin-secreting cells in the anterior pituitary of carp to adapt to living in a hypotonic environment, but excessive secretion of prolactin was not conducive to the activity of gonadotropin-secreting cells, inhibiting The normal development of the gonads. Eckstein (1975) conducted a biochemical comparative analysis of the ovaries of salmon and giant-headed larvae living in seawater and freshwater, and found that the concentrations of 11-keto-testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) were very high. Are not the same. The former is a potent male hormone of the oystercatcher, from which we can assume that a large amount of effective androgen has accumulated in the scent of the eel kept in freshwater, thereby inhibiting the release of ovulation hormones, or in some other way, destroying reproduction. Necessary hormone homeostasis. Since 1981, the Hebei Fisheries Research Institute has used nervetransmitters to change the level of central media in freshwater cultured barracudas, thereby inhibiting the activation of prolactin cells and overcoming reproductive dysfunctions in exogenous hormones. With the help of the above, the purpose of artificial reproduction was successfully achieved.
Barracuda breeding technology
Second, the production of barracuda seedlings The production of barramundi seedlings, including artificial breeding and seed breeding two major steps. The former is divided into broodstock breeding, oxytocin (artificially induced ovulation), artificial insemination, artificial hatching and other processes, the latter is divided into two processes fry cultivation and fingerling breeding.