New knowledge: What is stem cell? February 05, 2015 Source: People's Daily The word "dry" of a stem cell, translated from the English word "stem", means "trunk." In other words, stem cells are like the trunk of a tree. With a trunk, you can grow tree shrews, leaves, and flower, and the result. Stem cells have two important characteristics: one is the ability to self-renew or self-replicate; the other is the ability to differentiate into multiple types of mature cells. Self-renewal refers to the splitting of one stem cell into two cells. One of the cells still maintains all the biological characteristics of the stem cells, thereby keeping the number of stem cells in the body relatively stable; while the other cells further proliferate and differentiate into precursor cells and mature cells. According to different standards, stem cells are divided into various types. For example, according to the developmental potential, stem cells are divided into three categories: pluripotent stem cells, pluripotent stem cells , and unipotent stem cells. A totipotent stem cell refers to a cell that can develop into a complete individual's potential with various tissues and organs, such as a fertilized egg. Pluripotent stem cells have the potential to differentiate into a variety of cellular tissues, but do not have the ability to develop into intact individuals, and their developmental potential is limited, such as embryonic stem cells. Unipotent stem cells refer to cells that can only differentiate into one direction and produce one or several closely related types, such as hematopoietic stem cells, neural stem cells, cardiac stem cells, and the like. According to the developmental stage of stem cells, stem cells can be divided into embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and are highly undifferentiated cells with developmental pluripotency that can differentiate into all tissues and organs of adult animals. Adult stem cells are a collective term for pluripotent stem cells present in fetal, child, and adult tissues. Compared with embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells have a relatively wide source and are relatively easy to obtain; adult stem cells derived from patients themselves do not have the problem of histocompatibility when applied, and can avoid transplant rejection and use immunosuppression. At the same time, adult stem cells have a low risk of tumorigenicity and have less ethical controversy, so they have broad application prospects. There are two types of stem cells that are currently popular. The first is induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), which refer to the introduction of certain transcription factors into animal or human somatic cells by gene transfection technology, and the somatic cells are directly reconstructed into embryonic stem cell-like pluripotent cells. The second is mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs cells), which are found in many tissues of adults, such as bone, cartilage, fat, skin, muscle, nerves, pancreas, etc., with multi-directional differentiation potential, low immunogenicity and lack of The characteristic of blood or damaged tissue homing is an ideal seed cell for organ repair in regenerative medicine. Stem cell research is one of the most compelling hot spots in the medical and biological fields since the 1990s. In 1999, the US Science magazine ranked stem cell research as the first of the 10 most important research fields in the 21st century. At present, research on stem cells and regenerative medicine has become the most compelling field in the natural sciences. The perfection of the theory and the rapid development of technology will surely produce epoch-making results in the fields of disease treatment and biomedicine. And a major revolution in medical concepts. In theory, stem cells can be used for clinical cell transplantation to treat various diseases and to construct artificial tissues or organs. Suitable diseases include: tissue necrotic diseases such as myocardial necrosis caused by ischemia, degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's syndrome, Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, bone and joint diseases, and the like. However, most of these studies are still in the clinical trial stage, and there is still a long way to go to become a standard drug for clinical disease treatment. It has now become a routine operation, only hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of blood system diseases.
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