In recent years, the dairy industry in Ningxia has developed rapidly. The dairy farming industry has gradually changed from the family sideline business to the leading industry for farmers to increase income. A large number of breeding professional households and large-scale dairy farms with a scale of hundreds of heads have been established, and regionalization has been basically established. The layout, professional production, large-scale management, socialized services and industrialized management. With the increasing scale of dairy farming and dairy farms, the pollution caused by the large amount of excrement, waste and organic wastewater generated by dairy farms has become increasingly serious. How to effectively use all kinds of waste from dairy farms, to make harm to the interests, prevent environmental pollution, improve and protect the ecological environment, and promote the coordinated development of economy, environment and society, is a new problem in the development of the dairy industry. Therefore, it is necessary to change the concept of animal husbandry farming, adjust the breeding mode, carry out healthy farming, and carry out large-scale standardized ecological farming according to the requirements of “planting and breeding, moderate scale, standardized breeding and ecological balance” to establish a high-yield, high-quality, high-efficiency and low- It is very necessary and imperative to consume artificial ecological dairy farms.

The construction of dairy farms should fully implement the idea of ​​"taking cattle as the foundation"

Site selection of dairy farms

In line with the planning requirements, the construction land of dairy farms should meet the requirements of local village and town development planning, land use planning and dairy production.

The top dairy farm should choose a place with dry terrain, leeward sun, low groundwater level and good drainage.

Meet the requirements of health and epidemic prevention away from traffic routes, public places, schools, hospitals, residential areas, the distance should be more than 500 meters, more than 200 meters away from the general traffic road.

There are no large chemical plants, tanneries, meat processing plants, slaughterhouses or other livestock farms within 1000 meters of the cattle farms.

Newly built cattle farms away from infected areas must not be built in old epidemic areas and in epidemic areas with traditional human and animal endemic diseases or other infectious diseases.

The water supply of the cattle farm is sufficient, the water quality should meet the drinking water standards of the livestock and poultry, and the pollutants should not exceed the specified concentration limits.

It is forbidden to establish fields in water source protection areas, tourist areas, nature reserves and other areas as planned by national and local laws and regulations.

Power is sufficient, reliable, and power supply is guaranteed.

Scientific construction of cowshed

The barn building should be based on local natural conditions and economic conditions, and the tethered barn and the barn barn should be used according to local conditions.

The direction of the barn is generally north-south, and the north-south direction is no more than 30° to the east or west.

In the arrangement of cow beds, small dairy farms can adopt single-row type, and large and medium-sized dairy farms are mainly in double row or multi-column.

The temperature, humidity and airflow (wind speed) in the barn should meet the needs of different feeding stages of the cow. The suitable temperature range for dairy cows is: 5 ° C ~ 31 ° C for large cattle and 10 ° C ~ 24 ° C for calves. It is very important to do a good job of heatstroke prevention in the hot summer. Cows are not heat-resistant. Once heat stress occurs, the appetite will be weak, which not only affects the health of the cows, but also reduces the milk production performance of the cows. Generally, when the relative humidity is suitable, the fan and spray combine to cool down, and the effect is better. Winter cold insulation work can not be ignored, although cows are more cold-tolerant, but if the temperature is too low, the basal metabolites can be consumed too much, especially in the late lactation, the body fat storage is too small, which will greatly affect the milk production in the next lactation period. .

Do a good job of greening and improve the microclimate of dairy farms

As we all know, the microclimate affecting dairy farms is mainly the temperature, humidity, wind speed and light of the air.

These factors directly affect the regulation of body temperature, energy metabolism and material metabolism in dairy cows. When these factors exceed the appropriate range of cows' needs, it will cause the cows to lose milk, or various diseases (such as sunburst, heatstroke, cold, local frostbite) and even death. The greened dairy farms can play a good role in regulating various factors mentioned above, creating a suitable climate for dairy cows, and playing an important role in improving the health of dairy cows and increasing the milk yield of dairy cows.
Field greening

The newly-built large-scale dairy farms can be designed by the local landscaping department, or they can also strive for the greening construction project of the ring garden. It is more suitable for the local cultivation mode of Ningxia. It is a wide forest belt of about 10 meters, with a row spacing of 2 meters. It is suitable for the mixed cultivation of Ningxia local varieties: Guojing, Xinjiang Yang, skunk, white wax and sand jujube. For the cattle farms built in the past, two rows of forest belts were planted around the field. Varieties can be mixed with national carp, black locust, Xinjiang poplar, weeping willow, skunk, and sand jujube.

Greening of the isolation zone in the field

Mainly in the various areas of the separation field, such as the production area, the management area around, should be set up isolation forest belt, generally available in the country, weeping willow, white wax, etc., both sides of the shrub, varieties have purple snapper, boxwood, gold leaf pomelo , red leaves and small cockroaches, in order to play an isolation role.

Field greening

It is advisable to use a better variety of trees. You can choose species such as scorpion, white wax, weeping willow, tatra, spruce, and arborvitae.

Sports field greening

In the south, east and west sides of the stadium, there should be 1 to 2 rows of shading forests. Generally, trees with broad foliage and strong growth potential, and few branches after winter defoliation, such as poplar, Chinese wolfberry, acacia, Hebei poplar, and skunk, can be mixed.

Greening of office and living areas

The area is the main area for contact with outside society and rest for employees. The environmental greening of the area can be appropriately planned in the garden, to enhance the image of the company and the living environment of the beautiful employees. In order to enrich the color, it is advisable to plant flower shrubs that are easy to breed, cultivate and manage. Such as peach trees, apricot trees, apples, jujube trees, grapes, dragon claws, pines, skunks, cloves, morning glory, canna, rose, Fenghuabi peach, etc., can also plant lawns, set flower beds, set fence walls, creepers, etc. .

Greening around the workshop and warehouse

This place is the key part of the greening of the site. In the design, the use of garden plants to purify the air, sterilization, noise reduction, etc. should be fully considered. According to the actual situation, the selective selection of harmful gases and adsorption should be targeted. A tree with good dust and sound insulation. For the cattle house in the production area, Xinjiang Yang, Hebei Yang, Guojing, and weeping willows can be planted.

Actively promote silage, micro-storage and other technologies to promote a virtuous cycle of crop straw over the abdomen

Silage is the main roughage for dairy cows, requiring 10 tons of silage per cow per year. Therefore, large-scale dairy farms should take the comprehensive utilization of straw as an important content and task of ecological environmental protection. Silage rafts should be made of brick, stone, cement and other building materials. It requires good sealing, prevents air from entering, and the wall is smooth. It must have a certain depth and ladder slope, and the sturdiness is good. Before silage is carried out, the Dianchi Lake should be cleaned, inspected, disinfected and repaired. The silage with ear corn should be taken up to ensure that the cows can eat green and juicy feed for many years.

Actively promote TMR technology (dairy cow whole diet feeding technology)

The whole process of feeding and feeding is based on the nutritional needs of dairy cows in different growth and lactation stages. According to the diet formula designed by nutrition experts, a special blender is used to stir, cut, mix and feed the diet groups. An advanced breeding process.
This process can ensure the nutritional balance of dairy cow feed, can significantly improve the breeding management and production level of farmers, save food, feed, reduce feed costs, increase production and improve the health of the herd, thereby improving and improving the quality of milk. . In recent years, we have introduced TMR full-mix feeding equipment in three large-scale farms in Jinhe, Shengyang and Fuqiao, Xingqing District, Yinchuan City. It has been estimated that after the TMR full-mix feeding, the average yield of dairy cows in three large-scale farms will increase by more than 2 kg, and the annual medical cost per cow will be reduced by 40 yuan. Therefore, the promotion of TMR full-mix feeding technology in large-scale dairy farms can improve the economic benefits of dairy farmers.
Treatment of excreta such as sewage and manure from farms

Sewage treatment

The sewage produced by the dairy farm mainly comes from the urine and flushing sewage in the barn and milking parlor. It belongs to organic wastewater. The sewage separation sedimentation tank should be built in the site. The size of the pond can be determined according to the size of the cattle farm. 2 to 3 pools for primary and secondary treatment of sewage. The first-stage treatment is pre-treatment, which is to remove the solid pollutants in suspension state from the sewage by the physical method, and the removal rate can reach 70%-80%, so that the sewage is initially purified. The secondary treatment is biochemical treatment, which converts the organic matter in the fine suspension state of the sewage into a stable and harmless substance through the metabolism of microorganisms. The two-stage treated sewage can generally remove 90%~95% of solid suspended solids and about 90% of degradable organic pollutants, which can greatly improve water quality. After the above treated sewage is purified, it can be discharged into the fish pond or discharged for recycling.

Manure treatment

Cow manure as fertilizer This is the most traditional method of use in agriculture. The application of cow manure to farmland not only provides abundant organic matter to the soil, but also improves the soil structure through soil microbes, thereby increasing crop yield. Cow dung is not only a major solid pollutant, but also a resource. It should be treated according to the principles of reduction, harmlessness and resource utilization. The production of organic fertilizer can not only solve the environmental pollution of pastures, but also provide farmers with High quality organic fertilizer. Each barn is cleaned at least twice a day, and the playground is picked up once a day. The usual simple treatment method is the composting method, which is good for killing bacteria and parasite eggs. Another method is to transport the cow dung to the manure processing plant for tank-type harmless treatment, and achieve the harmlessness index of the waste residue in the Pollutant Discharge Standard for Livestock and Poultry Industry, and produce the organic fertilizer to be transported out of the dairy farm.

The use of cow dung as fuel for the production of biogas from cow dung is a very suitable and effective method. Because the biogas fermentation process does not produce foul odor, it not only purifies the environment of the field, but also effectively prevents cow dung from harming the health of humans and cattle. Cow dung biogas is the best way to make fuel. The residue after fermentation is non-toxic and tasteless, does not attract mosquitoes and flies, is a good organic fertilizer, and the biogas tank is generally between 100 cubic meters and 200 cubic meters.

Standardize the scientific use of agricultural inputs

Use of veterinary drugs

The veterinary drugs used should be from a manufacturer with a Veterinary Drug Production License and a product approval number or a supplier with an Import Veterinary Drug License. The label of the veterinary drug used shall comply with the provisions of the “Administrative Measures for Labels and Instructions for Veterinary Drugs”. The veterinary drugs used for the prevention, treatment and diagnosis of diseases shall comply with the "People's Republic of China Pharmacopoeia", "People's Republic of China veterinary drug specifications", "People's Republic of China veterinary biological products quality standards", "veterinary drug quality standards", "imported veterinary drug quality Standards and relevant provisions of the Code of Practice for Use of Feed Drug Additives. In the permitted use of antibacterial, antiparasitic and reproductive hormones, attention should be paid to: strict adherence to the prescribed route of administration, dosage, course of treatment and precautions; strict compliance with the prescribed drug holiday, prohibition of teratogenic, carcinogenic use And muttric drugs that cause mutagenic effects.

Use of feed

The feed ingredients should have a certain degree of freshness. The sensory requirements should be the color, smell, taste and tissue morphological characteristics of the variety. There is no mold, deterioration, odor and smell. The harmful substances in the feed ingredients and the allowable amount of microorganisms meet the feed hygiene standards. Requirements.

The feed additives should be of the same color. The products used should be the varieties specified in the Catalogue of Allowed Feed Additives, or the new feed additive varieties that have obtained the approval number of the trial production products, and use them in accordance with the specifications specified in the product manual. Use in dosage.
Specification milking

First, the first two milks with high bacterial content are squeezed into a special container, and then concentrated and discarded.

Carefully scrub and massage your breasts. Generally, a certain proportion of disinfectant is added with warm water of about 45 ° C, the breast is thoroughly cleaned from top to bottom, and the breast is prepared for breast massage. Water should be changed frequently. One bottle of water per cow, two towels should be separated from each other. Wash the breasts with a warm towel first, then wipe the nipple area with a dry towel, or use a disposable napkin to dry the water on the nipple.

After the breast cleaning massage, the third milk is squeezed onto the black inspection board to see if there is any abnormality, and the milk is put on the machine within 1 minute, the milking is completed within 4 minutes to 7 minutes, and then the breast cup is immediately removed. To prevent emptying or milking. If the milk cup falls off the ground during the milking process, it must be washed before continuing on the machine.

Immediately after each cow is squeezed, the nipple bath is performed.

Do a good job of sanitation.

Milking barrels, milk buckets, milk tanks (cylinders), transporting milk tanks and their pipelines are all required to be made of stainless steel. They must be cleaned and disinfected immediately after each use to ensure cleanliness.

Do a good job in the records and statistics of dairy farms

Most large-scale dairy farms do not pay enough attention to the records and statistics of dairy cows. This is also a sign of extensive management. People's management level of dairy farms often only depends on scale, health status or cow's grievances. For some specific cases, only It is estimated that the business situation cannot be reflected from the information. The managers of dairy farms should not only go deep into the barn or the herd to understand the situation. The main job is to use the data and information to grasp the basic situation of each cow and the whole group of cows, and guide the production according to these data and materials. The most basic requirements for standardized dairy farms are also a prerequisite for the healthy development of dairy farms. Recording work mainly refers to the original records, such as cow card, pedigree, daily milk, breeding, calving, growth and development, appearance identification, feed, veterinary drug use, etc. Statistics refer to the monthly milk yield of individual cows and milk production during lactation. The whole group should produce single milk and live milk yield, breeding, disease, feed consumption, etc., and analyze and summarize on the basis of statistics or make charts, lactation curves, etc., observe and analyze at any time, find problems Solved in time.