Apple is one of the most widely cultivated fruit trees in China. From the perspective of apple's production characteristics, it has strong adaptability, high yield, long result cycle, variety, and storage and transportation. If the use of more advanced storage methods can be an annual supply market. In addition, Apple has a high nutritional value, rich in sugar, starch, ascorbic acid, fat, protein, pectin, carotene, niacin, calcium, magnesium, zinc and other nutrients.

First, the apple needs fertilizer characteristics

(A) Apple's requirements for the environment Apple is a relatively hardy tree species in deciduous fruit trees, mainly distributed in the vast area north of the Yangtze River in China. The most suitable cultivation temperature is the average annual temperature of 9~14°C, the coldest month average temperature is between -10~10°C, and the average temperature within the range of 10~20°C during the growth period from April to October is appropriate. The average temperature is 6~ Can be cultivated between 17 °C. Therefore, the temperature conditions in many regions of China can fully meet the growth and development of apple trees.

It is generally believed that an annual rainfall of 500-800 mm is a suitable area for apple planting, and most of the apple production areas in western China have less than 400 mm of rainfall, the climate is dry, and the cultivation of apples must rely on irrigation.

The apple tree is a Higuang fruit tree. The length and intensity of sunshine have a direct influence on the coloration and quality of apple fruit. Generally, the annual sunshine duration is favorable for the flower bud differentiation and fruit development of the apple between 2200 and 2700 hours. Large temperature difference between day and night, adequate light is conducive to the accumulation of sugar in the fruit, increase vitamin content and apple fruit coloring.

If the apple producing area is flat, the soil is deep, the drainage is good, and the content of soil organic matter is high, it is beneficial to the growth and development of apples.

(B) Apple's nutritional characteristics Apple is a perennial woody plant, woody plants and their own nutritional characteristics:

1. Apple's tree has the characteristics of storage nutrition. The amount of nutrient stored in the apple tree in the previous year directly affected the nutritional status of the fruit tree, affected the flower bud differentiation and growth of fruit trees, and how much nutritive substances stored in the year directly affected the fruit trees. One year of growth and flowering results.

Apple nitrogen nutrition studies have shown that the fastest growing period of nitrogen content in the crown organ of apple is the first few weeks after germination in spring, and it is also the period of vigorous growth of new shoots: during this period, the nitrogen supply mainly comes from storage in the tree body. Nutrition, this part of the storage of nutrients is the hydrolysis of the protein in the leaves of fruit trees before the leaves fall into simple nitrogen-containing compounds transported into the cortex of the branches, trunks, roots, and then synthesized and stored protein, and become fruit trees to new growth at the beginning of the year. Nutrient sources. Therefore, the vegetative growth of apple trees in the first few weeks after bud germination depends on the status of nutrients such as nitrogen stored inside the tree. The timely supply of nutrients such as nitrogen after harvest in autumn apples will help promote growth and development in the coming year.

2. The characteristics of apple nutrient requirements Different ages of apple trees require different laws. The apple saplings are chiefly tree-enlarging the canopy and setting up the skeleton. After that, they gradually transition to the result. Due to different requirements in different periods, Apple's demand for nutrients varies. The main nutrients needed for apple saplings are nitrogen and phosphorus, especially phosphorus, which has a good effect on the growth and development of plant roots. Establishing a good root structure is a prerequisite for a good apple tree crown structure and a long sound. The nutrient requirements of adult fruit trees are mainly nitrogen and potassium, especially since the harvesting of fruit has taken away a lot of nutrients such as nitrogen and potassium. If it cannot be supplemented in time, it will seriously affect the growth and yield of apple in the coming year.

The young fruit of young apple tree is dominated by the middle and long branches. When the fruit is in full fruit period, the result is mainly short-fruit branch. In the growth of fruit tree, the part of the fruit tree is continuously replaced as the tree age increases, and its nutrient requirement The quantity and ratio also changed greatly.

The flower buds of apple are differentiated in the late autumn of the previous year, and the development of the fruit is completed in the same year. The whole process takes two years. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the mutual balance between vegetative and reproductive growth and vegetative growth of apples. Balanced with fruit development.

In addition, the apple's root system is relatively developed, and the root system is mostly concentrated below 20 cm. It can absorb water and nutrients in deep soil. In order to improve the nutritional status of apple, attention must be paid to the improvement and fertilization of deep soil.

3. Apple rootstocks and scions also have a certain influence on the nutrient absorption of apple trees. In recent years, dwarfing rootstocks and short-stemmed varieties have been used in apple cultivation both at home and abroad. Due to the different types of rootstocks, scion types and cultivation methods, there is also a great influence on the demand and absorption of nutrients. Studies have shown that the type of rootstock not only affects the tree vigor of apple trees, but also has a significant impact on the absorption of nutrients. For example, apple trees with mountain stator rootstocks are susceptible to iron deficiency yellowing in calcareous soils. Therefore, due to the influence of the nutritive characteristics of the rootstocks, the adaptability of the apple to the environment is also quite different, and there is a difference in the ability to absorb and utilize nutrients. According to foreign reports, the rootstock M9 can increase nitrogen, calcium, magnesium and iron in apple leaves. The content of boron, while reducing the content of phosphorus, potassium, sodium and other elements in the leaves, should cause great concern in the production.

Second, apple fertilization technology

(A) The application of organic manure in organic fertilizer not only contains various nutrients needed for the growth of fruit trees, but also has a good effect in many other aspects.

(1) Organic manure not only contains all kinds of essential nutrients needed for the growth and development of apples. Although the content is lower than that of chemical fertilizers, the full range of varieties not only contains the nutrient elements nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium needed for fruit tree growth. Magnesium, sulfur, etc., also contain the trace elements such as zinc, iron, B, and manganese required for vegetative growth of fruit trees. It plays a very important role in coordinating the supply of various nutrient elements. At the same time, organic fertilizers are relatively slow in the supply of nutrients, and they are generally not prone to fertilizer damage and they are prolonged in supply and are not prone to defertilization during balanced growth.

(2) Organic fertilizer can significantly improve the physical properties of the soil. Tests show that organic fertilizer is mixed with soil. The organic matter in the organic fertilizer interacts with the solid particles in the soil to produce a soil structure with good effects. The formation of agglomerate structure can reduce the bonding strength between soil particles by 2~6 times and the adhesion force by 60%. It not only makes the orchard's agricultural operation more labor-saving, but also can greatly reduce the growth resistance of the root system and contribute to the extension of the root system. And the absorption and utilization of nutrients.

(3) Organic fertilizer can increase the buffer capacity of soil to nutrients, reduce fertilizer damage, and improve fertilizer efficiency. Organic matter in organic fertilizers can produce large amounts of organic acids and humic acids during decomposition. These acidic substances not only promote the release of essential nutrients such as phosphorus, iron, and zinc contained in the soil, but also combine with applied urea, ammonium bicarbonate, and the like, and adsorb the surface of these acidic substances. The concentration of ammonium ions in the soil solution can prevent a large amount of ammonium poisoning which is more prone to happen with ammonium nitrogen fertilizer; at the same time, it reduces the loss of nitrogen fertilizer volatilization and leaching. Adsorption and fixation of nitrogen fertilizer can be continuously released during the growth of apple trees, and can be balancedly supplied to fruit trees for absorption and utilization. It not only improves fertilizer efficiency, but also coordinates soil nutrient supply.

(4) The dark matter contained in the organic fertilizer can increase the absorption of solar energy by the soil, which is beneficial to improving the ground temperature in early spring. The roots of apple trees are able to tolerate certain low temperatures. Generally, the soil temperature starts to absorb nutrients around 5°C, but its rate and ability to absorb nutrients increase gradually with the increase of the ground temperature, and reaches a maximum value when the ground temperature reaches around 30°C. Began to gradually decline. In the early spring when the aboveground part of the fruit trees has not yet grown in large quantities, the sunlight can be exposed to the surface in large quantities. The soil applied to the organic fertilizer has a darker color, more solar energy is absorbed, and the ground temperature rises faster, which can promote early root activity and accumulation of more absorption. Some nutrients are used after germination of the tree to promote the growth of the apple.

(5) The aggregate structure formed by using organic fertilizers increases the air content of the soil and increases the respiration of the roots, and promotes the active absorption of nutrients; at the same time, the larger soil pores can better absorb the rainfall and turn the rainwater into soil water. In soil, it not only prevents soil erosion but also reduces the number of irrigations. Many of the decomposition products produced during the decomposition of organic matter contained in organic fertilizers have certain physiological activities, which can stimulate root growth and increase the absorption capacity of the root system.

(2) Appropriate amount of nitrogen for nitrogen fertilizer is one of the nutrient elements for apple trees that require large amount of nitrogen. About 100 kilograms of fruit will absorb about 0.3 kilograms of pure nitrogen. The use of nitrogen fertilizer has a great influence on apple production. In a certain range of more appropriate use of nitrogen fertilizer, there are increased number of branches, enhance tree vigor and increase production. However, if too much nitrogen fertilizer is applied, it will cause the treetops to grow in length, not only causing a drop in fruit setting rate, a decrease in yield, but also a poor quality and storage resistance, which will easily lead to the occurrence of physiological diseases such as bitter pit disease, red spot disease, and fruit rust.

Under normal circumstances, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to young trees per year is 0.25 to 0.50 kg for pure nitrogen, 0.5 to 1.0 kg for primary fruit trees, 1.0 to 1.5 kg for early fruit trees, and 1.5 to 2.0 kg for fruit trees. The time and amount of application depend on the tree vigor. For Wang Changshu, it is advisable to apply the time from late May to early June. At this time, the spring shoots stop growing, and the appropriate amount of topdressing ammonium nitrogen fertilizer is helpful for the physiological differentiation of flower buds, and at the same time, a certain amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied. In addition, in the middle and late August, when the autumn shoots stop growing, they are used in large quantities. On the basis of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, nitrogen fertilizer should be added appropriately, and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied should be the lower limit of the above amount. If the amount of organic fertilizer applied is large, nitrogen fertilizer may not be applied or extended (1/4 to 1/5 of the above amount). . For apple trees with weaker tree vigor, topdressing nitrogen fertilizers, especially nitrate nitrogen fertilizers, should be applied before the prosperous growth of apple trees to apply a certain amount of nitrogen fertilizer before the budding of apple trees, combined with watering and peritoneal membranes, and to catch the rain in summer. To promote the growth of autumn shoots and restore tree vigor. In the fall, a certain amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied before deciduous, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied lightly to increase the reserves of the tree, improve the quality of buds, promote the growth of the root system, and fully prepare for the restoration of tree vigor. Normal results of strong trees, generally topdressing nitrogen fertilizer before budding, the best nitrate-based fertilizer, with the appropriate application of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer to accelerate fruit growth. At the same time, pay attention to adding fertilizer and watering in time after fruit harvesting, in order to coordinate nutrition, restore the tree, and increase the material reserves in the tree for the next year.

For short-stemmed apple trees, because they are densely planted, and have good early fruit and high yield, they require more fertilizer than ordinary types. General young trees 667 m2; the amount of nitrogen applied every year is 6-12 kg in terms of pure nitrogen; the amount of phosphorus used is 667 m2 of phosphorus pentoxide; it is 10-14 kg, and the amount of potassium is 667 m. 2 is 3 to 6 kg. The annual application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to mature sapling apple trees was 667 m2 for pure nitrogen fertilizer, 12-18 kg nitrogen fertilizer, 9-15 kg phosphate fertilizer, and 6-12 kg potassium fertilizer. Specific to each orchard also need to adjust according to the application amount of organic fertilizer and soil fertility conditions. In the period of fertilization, attention should be paid to the reuse of autumn basal fertilizer, and fertilizers should be applied immediately before flowering, fruit enlargement, and flower bud differentiation. The amount of each application should not be too large. Attention should be paid to the entire garden when applying a large amount. Turn over to prevent fertilizer damage.

(3) Supplemental phosphorus and potassium fertilizers Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are also important nutrients for apple trees. Each production of 100 kg of fruit will absorb about 0.05-0.1 kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 0.3 kg of potassium oxide. Experiments conducted on the resulting apple trees showed that the combined application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers increased from 11.8% to 177.8% compared to single application of nitrogen fertilizers. The application of P and K can not only increase the yield of apple, but also promote the growth and development of the root system, and increase the photosynthetic products in the leaves to the stem, root, fruit and other parts of the collaborative transport. At the same time, the phosphorus fertilizer has a very significant root-inducing effect. The appropriate deep application of phosphate fertilizer can promote the extension of the root system to the deep soil layer, which can significantly improve the drought resistance of fruit trees and reduce the occurrence of diseases. Studies have shown that: Apple saplings and adult trees require different amounts of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Generally, adequate application of some phosphorus fertilizer to young trees can significantly promote the growth of fruit trees. The appropriate ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 2:2:1 or 1:2:1, after entering the result period, it is necessary to increase the proportion of nitrogen fertilizer in an appropriate manner. The appropriate ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is 2:1:3 or 1:0.5:1. However, in the specific application, soil properties need to be considered. For the Yellow River alluvial apple main producing areas in the Northwest Loess Plateau, Shandong, Hebei, Henan, etc., the soil contains more calcium and less phosphorus. Therefore, the amount of phosphate fertilizer should be increased moderately in practical applications. The ratio can be 1:1:1, and the mature fruit trees in other areas where the soil is neutral to acidic can use 1:0.5:1. Phosphate and Potassium Fertilizers are mainly used as base fertilizer (or autumn topdressing) after the fall shoots stop growing in autumn, and should account for more than half of the total amount of fertilizers. The rest can be used as flower-promoting fertilizers during the flower bud differentiation stage of the spring shoots to stop growing, and fruit stimulating periods during fruit enlargement. fat.

(4) The rational application of boron, zinc, iron and other trace elements fertilizers to apply boron fertilizer can significantly reduce the apple unfertilized fruit rate, improve the fruit setting rate and yield of apples, and has a significant effect on the control of apple fruit shrinkage. For potential and boron- and light-boron-absorbing apple trees, an aqueous borax solution with a concentration of 0.3%-0.4% can be sprayed at full bloom. For soils with severe boron deficiency, 50 to 100 g of borax was applied to each fruit tree before germination, and a borax solution with a concentration of 0.3% to 0.4% was sprayed at full bloom.

The application of zinc fertilizer has a significant effect on the treatment of lobular diseases in apple trees. Generally, the recovery rate of diseased branches is more than 90%, the fruit setting rate is increased by more than 15%, the yield can be increased by 20%, and the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, etc. in leaves can be increased. . The more effective spraying method is to spray with 0.2% of zinc sulfate and 0.3%-0.5% of urea in time after onset, or spray with 6%-8% of zinc sulfate aqueous solution before sprouting in spring. Can play a preventive role.

There are no effective methods for the correction of iron deficiency and chlorosis in apple trees. Among the commonly used methods, the most effective ones are: the method of “local iron enrichment” is widely used in soil, ie, ferrous sulfate and cake fat (bean cake, peanut cake, cotton cake) and ammonium sulfate are mixed in a weight ratio of 1:4:1. Before the sprouts of fruit trees, the basal fertilizer is applied to the soil layers with more fine roots. According to the size of the fruit trees and the degree of yellowing, the application rate of each fruit tree is controlled at 3 to 10 kg. The effect of direct spraying of ferrous sulfate on leaves is worse than that of ordinary ones. The application of a mixture of iron ferrous fulvate and urea for the treatment of yellowing is better, but the effective period is shorter; the mixture of ferrous sulfate and urea can also be used. The concentration of sprayed ferrous sulphate sprayed by the liquid sprayer was slightly poorer. The concentration of sprayed ferrous sulfate was 0.3% and urea was 0.5%. The spray was applied once a week during the peak season of growing fruit trees.

(E) Apple fertilization method and time The fertilization of apple trees should be based on basal fertilizer. The best basal fertilizer application time is autumn, early maturing varieties are carried out after fruit harvesting, and mid-to-late ripe varieties may be taken before fruit harvesting. Since autumn is one of the fast-growing roots of apple trees, the root-clearing wounds after the fertilization will heal easily and play a role in root trimming, which promotes the germination of new roots and facilitates the absorption and accumulation of nutrients. The application time of topdressing has certain differences due to the different tree potentials, and it usually takes place before germination, flowering, and fruit expansion. The specific method of fertilization depends on the size of the tree. When the tree is small, circular fertilization is generally used. The location of the fertilization is 0.5 to 1.5 meters outside the crown, and 20 to 40 centimeters wide and 20 to 30 centimeters deep. The fertilizer is mixed with the soil and then applied into the ditch, and the ditch is filled. It is best to use whole-garden fertilization for adult fruit trees and combine fertiliser into soil. Since the root growth of fruit trees has obvious fertility, it is best to apply a depth of 30 to 40 cm deep to the phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to increase the depth and breadth of the root distribution, and to enhance the drought resistance and tree solidity of the fruit trees.

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